KARSHIKA KERALAM

IoS\min\nIfpsS temIw

kkyfpw IoSfpw Xnep _n\v hfsctbsd ]gapWvSv. Imemcn an sNSnIfpw IoSsXnsc {]hnm Ignhp cmkhkvXp kzbw DXv]mZnnm XpSn. ChbmWv ImeLns Bhiyambn amdnb kkyP\yambn IoS\min\nI.

hnIkzc cmPyfn IoS\nb{Wn C`napJoIcnp imkv{Xobhpw kmnIhpamb shphnfnI \nch[nbmWv. temInse samw P\kwJybpsS F]tXmfw iXam\w hnIkzc cmPyfnemWpXv. ChnSfn hnpsImWvSncnp P\scpns\mnv ImjntImXv]mZ\w hnntWvSXns BhiyIX FSpp]dtbWvSXn.

Fm C\phnphcp IoS\min\nIfp]tbmKnp IoS\nb{W am P\XbpsS BtcmKyn\v lm\nIchpw ]cnnXnv hn\miIchpamWv. IqSmsX A\nb{nXambp IoS\min\n {]tbmKw IoSv ChbvsXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn ssIhcnm\pw AhbpsS hwih\hn\pw CSbmpw. Cv GItZiw 500- ]cw IoS IqS\min\nIsXnsc {]Xntcm[tijn t\SnbnpWvsSmWv IWpI kqNnnpXv.

Ccw {]iv\sfmgnhmm\mbn IoS\nb{Wn\v ap amKIqSn kzoIcntWvSXv ImeLns Bhiyambn amdnhcnIbmWv. CXn ap]nbn \nevmhpXmWv kkyP\yamb IoS\min\nIfpsS D]tbmKw.

kkyfpw IoSfpw Xnep _n\v hfsctbsd ]gapWvSv. Imemcn an sNSnIfpw IoSsXnsc {]hnm Ignhp cmkhkvXp kzbw Dev]mZnnm XpSn. Chsbmw Xs ]noSv inamb IoS\min\nIfmbn amdn.

Chbn \ntmn, ss]d{Xw, tdmnt\mav, ss^tkmnKvssa, Izmkn apXembh DsSpp. Chsb s]mXphn 'Hmw Xeapd' IoS\min\nI FmWv hntijnnmdpXv.

]noSv Ce 'cWvSmw Xeapd' IoS\min\nIv hgnsXfnp. DZm: ss{Ikmaw ]qfn\npw kzm`mhnIambpev]mZnnsSp ss]d{Xw Ir{XnaambpWvSmnb knnIv ss]dt{XmbnUpIv hgnamdn. AXpt]mse ss^tkmnKv ssa (ss^tkmnm sh\nt\mk) F sNSnbn \npw thXncnsSpXv) LS\bn kmayap knnIv Imt_tan\p hgnamdn.

GXmWvSv 50 hjpapv Un.Un.n.bpsS Bhn`mhtmsS GItZiw 200- ]cw cWvSmw Xeapd IoS\min\nI hn]WnbnsepIbpWvSmbn. \mUohyqls Xfm Ignhp Ccw IoS\min\nI {]tbmKnptm \innstSWvS IoSsf IqSmsX a\pjy\p {]tbmP\Icamb ap PohnIsfqSn sImpsapXn\m Ch KpWtmtfsd tZmjamWpWvSmpI. IqSmsX ChbpsS A\nb{nXamb {]tbmKw IoSv {]Xntcm[tijn DWvSmnsmSpm\panSbmpw.

Ign Hcp ]XnmWvSmbn hnIknX cmPyfn 'aqmw Xeapd' IoS\min\nImbn \oapWvSmbnsmWvSncnpp. Chbn IoSfpsS hfsb \nb{np hn[nep IoS\min\nI apXembh DsSpp.

Cu cmkhkvXp hfsc kpcnXhpw ]cnnXn {]iv\sfmpw Xs DWvSmmhbpamWv. Fnepw hfsc kmh[m\n am{Xta {]hnpIbpq FXpw IoS ]qWambpw NsmSppXn\p appXs hnfIsf \innpXn \npw ]nncnnm km[npIbn FXpw ChbpsS tZmjhifmWv.

'\memw Xeapd' IoS\min\nI IoSfpsS kzm`mhs amp XcnephbmWv. Ch IoS kky`mKsf `nmsX AIn\npItb XSkapWvSmpItb sNpp.

F. kkyP\y IoS\min\nI :

apIfn ]d Hmtcm Xeapd IoS\min\nIfnepw kky kwbpfn \nv DcpncnsSp IoS\min\nI ImWm Ignbpp. sNSnIfpsS auenIamb Pohimkv{X]chpw ssPhckX{]chpamb {]h\fn bmsXmcp hn[ ]panm hkvXpfmWv kkyP\y IoS\min\nIfmIm km[yXIfpXv. CXn sS]nt\mbnUvkv, ^vtfht\mbnUv, ^nt\mfnIvkv, AssaUv, BtembnUpI Fnh DsSpp.

Chtbmtcmpw thXncnsSppXn\pw hniIe\w sNpXn\pap kmtXnIhnZyI hnIknnsSpXv Ccw IoS\min\nIfpsS Dev]mZ\n hfsctbsd aptmpt]mIm klmbIambn. CXpaqew GItZiw Adp]tXmfw IpSpw_fn Ds hnh[ kkyfn\npw kkyP\y IoS\min\nI Dev]mZnnmw. Chbn NneXmWv shfppn, kqcyImn, XIc, Nndn, IyqWnv ], Xpfkn, Atjy, A_o\nb, tkmbm_o, sNcn, thv (Bcythv, ae thv), Imp IpcpapfIv, ]pIbne, hbv, BStemSIw, Icns\mn, Fcpv, ]qscn apXembh.

\ntmn

hfsc hjp app Xs ]pIbnebneSnbnp hnjLSIw \ntmn\msWv a\nemnbncpp. hfsc s]sv {]hnm Ignhp Hcp kv]iI IoS\min\nbmWnXv. CXn\v hmXImhbnepw {]hnm IgnhpWvSv. \ntmn Hcp BevtembnUmWv. {ZmhIcq]nep ip \ntmn\v \ndhpw aWhpan. Fm hmbphpambp km AXv {ItaW Idpp\ndambn amdppXmbn ImWmw. _mjv]ioeapXn\m \ntmn D]tbmKntijw s]sv A{]XyamIpw. CXpaqew \ntmn\p ]Icw \ntmn kt^mbmWv IoS\min\nbmbv D]tbmKnphcpXv. {ZmhIcq]n \ntmn kt^v (40% hocyapXv) e`yamWv. CXv shhpambn Ien t\nv tkmpambn Ien sNSnIfn Xfnmw.

GItZiw 0.05 apX 0.1 iXam\w \ntmn XfntWvS {ZmhInepWvSmbncnWw. ]pIbne IjmbamWv asmv. CXp Xmdmm\mbn 400 {Kmw ]pIbne sNdpIjWfmbn Acnv 4 en shn Hcp Znhkw apgph IpXnphbvWw. AXn\ptijw CXns\ sNdpXmbn NqSmnb tijw ]pIbne \mbn ]ngnv AcnsSpWw.

100 {Kmw _mtkmv t\ NofpIfmbn AcnsSpv asmcp ]m{Xnep 1 en shn ebnnpI. Cu tkmpemb\n t\ct Xmdmnhnp ]pIbne emb\nbnsemgnv \mbn CfWw.

Cs\ Xmdmnb KmV]pIbne Ijmbn 5-6 Ccn shw tNv sNSnIfn Xfnmw. Cet, iev IoS, aoenaqI, CemSnI, G^nUpI, ]pgp, hWvSpI apXemb IoSsf \nb{nm A\ptbmPyamWv \ntmn.

ss]d{Xw

PanhKns Hcp sNSnbpsS ]qfn \npw \njvIjWw sNbvsXSppXmWv Cu IoS\min\n. ]pcmX\ Imew apXevs a[y]qh tZifn IoS\nb{Wn\mbn CXv hym]Iambn D]tbmKnncpp. Fm 19-mw \qmWvtSmSpIqSnbmWv Cu kkyP\y IoS\min\nv bqtdmv, Atacn, Pm apXemb cmPyfn {]Nmcw InnbXv. ss]d{Xw AYhm ss]dt{XmbnUvkv F cmk]Zmw 6 LSIfpsS Hcp an{inXamWv. Chbvv s]mXpsh cmkncX CmXn\m thKw hnLSnpIbpw IoS\min\nv in IpdbpIbpw sNpw.

CXn\v kv]i\am{Xbn Xs IoSsf Xfphm\p IgnhpWvSv. ss]d{Xw A\yPohnIsf Hcp Xcnepw _m[nn. ap, Fdpv, Cu, ]m, sImXpIv, kkyfpsS \ocqnpSnp ap, Get, ievIoS, aoenaqI apXembhbpsS \nb{Wn\v ss]d{Xw ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKnmw. kw`cnphnp [m\yfntebpw ]dn kkyfntebpw IoSsXnsc A]ISkm[yX CmsX ss]d{Xw D]tbmKnmw.

ASpImev ss]d{Xns cmkLS\ a\nemn kam\ hocyap Ir{Xna ss]dt{XmbnUpI hn]WnbnendnbnpWvSv. thKn hnLSnmXpw IqSpX IoS\min\n inbpapXmbXn\m Ch [mcmfambn D]tbmKnphcppWvSv. DZm: s^ hmetdv, s]sa{Xn, sskha{Xn, sUmsa{Xn apXembh. Fm ChbpsS A\nb{nXamb D]tbmKw IoSv {]Xntcm[tijn DWvSmIm\nSbmpw.

tdmnt\m

sUdnkv F sNSnbpsS thcpIfn 4 apX 11 iXam\w tdmnt\m ASnbnpWvSv. s]mSnbmbpw {ZmhIambpw CXv D]tbmKnmw. kvt{]bn 0.002 apX 0.004 iXam\w hsc inamb Awiw ASnbncnWw. \ocpnpSpp IoSsXnscbpw ]pgppw hWvSpIpsaXnscbpw tdmnt\m D]tbmKnmw. CXv kv]iI hnjambpw DZchnjambpw {]hnpp.

thv

cmkIoS\min\nI IWvSp]nSnpXn\v iXm_vZp appXs `mcXnse IjI thns IoS\nb{WgnhpI a\nemnbncpp. Bcythntbpw aethntbpw CeIfnepw ImbvIfnepw IoS\nb{W inbp AkmUndmIvSn, aoenbm\v{Sntbm apXemb ]ZmfSnbnpWvSv. Ghpw IqSpXembn Cu hkvXpfnepXv ImbvIfnepw ]cnn\nsSpp FbnepamWv. s]mXpth thstbm ]nmtm, AkmUndmIvSnt\m D]tbmKnm IoSsf sNSnIfn\nIn \npItbm Ah hfsc Ipdpam{Xw Blmcw IgnpItbm tamiambn hfcpItbm CSp apIfpsS Fw IpdbpItbm sNpXmbn ImWmw. \ocpnpSnp IoSsfbpw Ce Xo\npgpsfbpw Hcp t]mse \nb{nm\p Ignhv thn \np Inp IoS\min\nIpWvSv.

thn Ijmbw

Ccp]Xp {Kmw thn ]cnpsImWvSv Hcp en Ijmbw Xmdmmw. ]gp thnImbvIfpsS Ipcp thsSpn \mbn NX ]cnv IngnsIn 6 apX 10 aWnq t\cw shn IpXnphbvWw. ]noSv Ingn ]ehw shn apn \mbn ]ngnv kv shn IeWw. emb\nIfpsS \ndw sXfnbptm Ingn\on Ijmbw sNSnIfn Xfnm\p]tbmKnmw. ]dn hnfIv hfsc \XmWo Ijmbw.

ths

tkmv tNv ]X thsbpw \smcp IoS\min\nbmWv. Hcn en shn tNm\mbn 20 an. en F thWw. Bhiyap{X F Hcp ]m{XnseSp tijw tkmv hfsc t\cnbXmbn Acnv tNv ]XnWw. \ shfpp\ndw InpXn\pw icnbmbn ]XbpXn\pw thWvS{X tkmv tNWw. tkmn\p ]Icambn Sotmfpw D]tbmKnmw. Cs\ Xmdmnb ths tkmv an{inXw sNSnIfn Xfnmw.

thn ]nmv

thn ]nmv s\hbenenSpXv XWvSpXpc, \nam hncI Fo IoSsf \nb{nm klmbnpw. hgpX\, Xmfn, shWvS Fnhsb B{Ianp \namhncIsXnsc ChbpsS ssXI \SpXn\papv XSfn \mbn s]mSn thn ]nmv 50 {Kmw CpsImSppXv \XmWv. 1 In.. {Kmw ]nmv 5 en shn Hcp cm{Xn IpXnphtijw AcnsSpv emb\nbpw sNSnIfn Xfnmw.

thne Ijmbw

Bcythns 100 {Kmw Ce 5 en shn XnfnpIbpw XWpXtijw sNSnIfn XfnpIbpw sNmw.

thsbpsS kn \npw Xmdmp ]e IoS\min\nIfpw Cv hn]WnbnsenbnpWvSv. Ahbn NneXmWv -

amtKmsskUv knbsI 20% C kn

amtKmsskUv Hm.sI. 8% C kn

\nnknUn (sbnUv)

Aqv (tKmZvsdPv)

\ow tKmUv (kv]nv)

\oakm (C.sF.Un. hmcn)

hbv

\ Cuap an hfmhp hbv sNSnIfpsS IngpIfn IoS\min\nbmbn {]hnp Atmdn, hyw IcWtijnbp Aktdm Fnh ASnbnpWvSv. Ingv hnecnpWn `y[m\yfpsS IqsS kqnpXv (1:100 F A\p]mXn) Ch tISpIqSmsX kwcnm klmbnpw. ]bdp hnpI kqnphbvm DWnsmSn hbn IjW tNpXv \XmWv. ]ngns kv shn tNv sNSnIfn IoSsXnsc {]tbmKnmw.

Ch IqSmsX ImpXpfknbnep ssXtam, Hmkvao Fo LSIpw IoSsf AIn \nm\p IgnhpWvSv.

ssPhnI IoS\nb{Ww

IoSfpsS {]IrXymbp ip{Xp{]mWnIsf {]tbmP\sSpnbmWv km[npXv. F.Un. 304 ssN\bn \npw e`n tcJIfn \mcIns IoSsf \nb{npXn\mbn Ddpn IqSpI Nbn hnphncpXmbn ImWm Ignbpw. Cu DdppI acn IqSpsIpIbpw IoSsf Xnp \innpIbpw sNpp. 7-mw iXInse Nne tcJIfn \np ssN\bn Xsbp Cs Kp]mwKvtUmwKv {]hiybnse \mcIIjIcpw Ccw Ddpn IqSpIsf hfsc ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKnncpXmbn a\nemm km[npw.

\app Nppw ImWp hnhn[ ]nIfpw tNcbpw Xhfbpsamw Ccw {]IrXnZamb IoSi{XpfmWv. audojykn shpInfnIsf Xnp \innpXn\mbn 1762- `mcn \npw ssa\Isf sImavSpt]mbncpp. _bnemIs ssN\bnteXp amXncn \mcIs _m[np IoSsf Xnp\innpXn\mbn DdppIv btYjvSw kcnm\mbn ac Xn apfsImWvSv _nncpp. B[p\nI ssPhoI IoS\nb{Wns BZy]Snbmbn 1880-Ifn Iment^mWnbbn teUnt_Uv hWvSpIsf iev IoS Xnp \innm\mbn D]tbmKnncpXns\ IWmmw. CXns\ XpSv Cu imJbn hfscb[nIw KthjW \ncoW hnhn[ cmPyfn \SpIbpWvSmbn. 1935-HmsS 26-Hmfw hnPbIYI imJbnepWvSmbn.

Fm sNehp IpdXpw hfsc Ffpnepw IoSsf \nb{np Un.Un.n. bpsS IWvSp]nSntmsS ssPhnI IoS\nb{Wn\p Xmev]cyw IjIcn Ipdbm\nSbmbn. CXpaqew 1958-HmsS hnPtbmZmlcW 4 Ccn am{XamWpWvSmbXv. Fm Un.Un.n bptSbpw apw Zqjyhisfpdnv IqSpX a\nemnbXv ssPhnI\nb{W amKsfn IqSpX ]Tnm\nS hcpn. CXpaqew 1964- 225 DZmlcW NqWvSnmWnm kmyambn. Cv GItZiw 400- ]cw DZmlcWfpWvSv. 150-Hmfw IoSsf Ctm Cu coXnbp]tbmKnv ^e{]Zambn \nb{nm IgnbppWvSv.

ssPhnI\nb{W coXnbpsS {]tbmP\

{]IrXnbpsS kaXpenXmh \ne\npp.

]cnkc aen\oIcWn\nSbmmXn\m {]IrXnan{Xw.

a\pjy\pw arKpw hnj_m[ DWvSmmhbmWv. ap ]miz {]iv\sfmpw XsbpWvSmIn.

DnjvS IoSs am{Xw \innpp.

IoS\min\nIsf At]nv sNehp Ipd amKw

ssPhoI\nb{Wn\p]tbmKnp {]mWnI X\nsb s]ps]cpIpXpw XpSbmbpXpamWv.

IoS {]Xntcm[tijn ssIhcnm\nSbmmhbmWv

tZmj

hfsc kmh[m\w am{Xta {]hnpIbpq. IoSsf Dqe\miw hcppn. ssPhnI IoS\nb{Ww XpSbmbpXmIWsan Ghpw Ipdv kwJybnemsWn IqSnbpw CcbpsS kmnyw DWvSmbncnWw. Xqew Irjnmv Cu coXn Ahew_npXpaqew XnIpw ]qWambn IoSm{IaW hnapamb hnfhv t\Sm Ignpshv hcnIbn.

ssPhnI IoS\nb{Ww XpSnbm ]noSv IoS\min\nI {]tbmKnm km[npIbn.

Cu coXn {]hNnm\mhmXmWv.

DZm: 1938- t]mtmdnbn a_dnbpsS ievsf \nb{nm\mbn Nne hWvSpIsf ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKnncpp. Ch ievsf ]qWambpw \innpIbpw ]noSv hwi\miw kw`hnpIbpw sNbvXp. Fm AXn\ptijw 1953- iev htXmXn s]mnpdsSpIbpw a_dnsSpIsf ]qhm[nIw inbmbn B{IanpIbpw sNbvXp. Ccn Nne tZmjsfms DWvsSnepw ssPhnI IoS\nb{W coXnIIqSn Ahew_nsn am{Xta {]IrXnbpsS Xmfw sXmsXbp Irjn aptmp sImWvSp t]mIm\mhq.

IoS\min\nI Xmdmptm acpns Afhv IWvSp]nSnm\p amKw.

F- IoS\min\n emb\nbn ASnbncnp hocyns iXam\w.

_n- IoS\min\nbpsS Afhv ({Kmw /an .en)

kn- thWvSnhcp IoS\min\nbpsS Afhv (an. en)

Un- IoS\min\n emb\nv DWvSmbncntWvS hnjhocyw CXn \npw F : _n = kn : Un

DZm: 0.07 iXam\w hocyap Hcp en IoS\min\n Xmdmm thWvS skmtfm 35 CknbpsS Afhv F{X?

apIfn ]dX\pkcnv

F = 35
_n = ?
kn = 1000 an.en (1 en)
Un = 0.07
_n = kn : Un = 1000*80.07/ 35 = an. en

AXmbXv 0.07 iXam\w hocyap 1 en IoS\min\n Xmdmm 2 an. en tkmtfm thWw.

IWv : 0.05 iXam\w hocyap 1 en IoS\min\n Xmdmm thWvS FmeIvkv 25 CknbpsS Afsh{X?

Dcw : 2 an. en

F- \ntcm[nnp IoS\min\nI (31.12.1992 {]Imcw)

ssUt{_mtam tmtdms{]mt (Un. _n. kn. ]n)

F{Un

s]m tmtdm ss\t{Sms_ko (]n.kn.F._n)

s]m tmtdm ^ot\m (]n. kn. ]n.)

CussX ]mctbm

tSmIvkm^o

tmtU

sl]vSmtm

B{Un 1.1.94 apX)

]mcIzmv - ssUaossX kt^v

ss\t{Sms^

sS{Sm ssUt^m

_n. \nb{nX D]tbmKn\mbp IoS \min\nI (31.12.1992 {]Imcw)

Aepan\nbw t^mkvss^Uv

_n.Fv.kn.

tmtdm s_kntev

Im]vSmt^m

Un Un n

ssU F{Un

Fneo ssUt{_mssaUv (C.Un._n)

aossX t{_mssaUv

tkmUnbw ssk\Uv

^oss\ sapdn Aktv (]n.Fw.F.)

entU

aossX ]mctbm

\ntmn kt^v

kn- Khsans ]p\]cntim[\bnep IoS\min\nI

Bemtm

s_t\man

tIm Aktm Bkss\v

ssUbptdm

CussX sapdn tmssdUv

s^\mdntam

sa\mtkm

aotXman

HmIvkn^vfqs^

tkmUnbw aotX Bkt\v

Imkyw kbss\Uv

t^mkv^mantUm

ssXtbmsatm

ss{Sbmtkm t^mkv

ss{SsUtam^v

sskdmw

tamtWmt{Imtmt^mkv