KARSHIKA KERALAM

Xncnv

hm\nebvv thcpdbvpp

      {]IrXnZ hm\nent\mSp hnp hcp B`napJyw Cu Irjnv ]pXpPoh ]IcpIbmWv. sFkv{Ioapw ap t_dn km[\fpapWvSmm Gsd BhiyapXmWv {]IrXnZ hm\nen. CXns apJy DdhnSw h\nesSnbpsS _okv AYhm ImbvIfmWv. \psS \mSn\v tbmPnXmWv Fp am{Xa, hymhkmbnI hfbvv hgnsbmcnpXpamWv hm\ne. cWvSmbncamtWvSmsS GItZiw 10000 slIvSdn hm\neIrjn hym]npIbmWv kmcns eyw.

hm\ne Cybnsenbnv 100150 hjamsbnepw 194550 ImeLnemWp hmWnPymSnm\nep Irjn XpSnbXv. Ctm IWmSI tIcfw Xangv\mSv kwm\fnepw eZzo]nepambn Dtiw 100150 slIvStdmfw ev hm\ne IrjnsNpp. Cy IqSmsX aUKmkvI, Csm\ojy, saIvkntm, Pmh, audojykv, Xlnn, skbvjkv, Pssa, Kzmname {_ko FnhnSfnemWp hm\neIrjn ImcyambpXv.

hm\ne CdpaXn sNp cmPyfn sNp cmPyfn Atacn Pa\n, {^mkv, Pm FnhbmWv apn.

Imemhbpw apw

NqSpw Cuhpw Ie ImemhbmWv hm\nbvp tbmPnXv ka{Z\ncn \nv 1200 ao hsc Dbcap efn hm\ne Irjn sNmw. {]Xnhjw 200 apX 300 sk. ao. hsc ag e`np, km[mcW Xm]\ne 21 Un{Kn skjykv 32 Un{Kn skjykv hsc D eamWv hm\nerjnmbn sXcsSptWvSXv. CShnv A[nIanmsX ag e`np sImWvSncpm hfsc \v.

Pemwiw \ne\np XcnamWv A\ptbmPyw. NpNhdpI AgpIntnp hfqdp ambm hfsc \v. an Pemwiw sIn\nm ]mSn.

IrjncoXnbpw ]cnNcWhpw

]pXpXmbn Xmdmnb ev Bhiyamb XWtemSp IqSn X\nhnfbmtbm ap hnfIfpsS (IpcpapfIv, sXv, IapIv, hmg XpSnbh) CShnfbmtbm hm\neIrjn sNmw. hm\nebvp ]Sp Ibdm Xmns\mw XWepw \Ip sIm, a_dn, apcnv, ]dnamhv, sNIw, mhv Fnhsbms Xmmbn D]tbmKnmw. Xmpacp ]Icw acqWpItfm tIm{Iov XqWpItfm Bbmepw Ipgan. XW {]tXyIw \tIWvSn hcpw Fp am{Xw.

XWvSp apdnmWv hm\ne \SpXv. Bhiyap{X aq XeI am{Xta \So hkvXpfmbn D]tbmKnmhq. sNdpXpw aqmXpamb XeItfm, ssXItfm \SpXv Imbv]nSnw sshIm ImcWamIpw. Snjyp I ssXIfmsWn Ahbvp thWvS{X aqpw hfbpapsWvSv DdmWw. 56 appItfmSp IqSnXpw 0.5-1 ao hsc \ofapXpamb hnf XeI t\cnp \SXn Ipgsampan t]mfn_mKn hv ]pjvSnsSpnbnp ssXIfpw \Smsanepw Imcyamb t\w Inn. \SpXn\p ap]v XeI Hcp iXam\w hocyap t_mtUman{inXw emb\nbn apnsbSppXv sImmw.

ag Ipdphcp sk]vw_ HIvtSm_ amkn \SpXmWv ssXI ]nSnpInm \Xv hm\ne \SpXv Xmpacn \nv HcSnsbnepw AIsebmbncnWw XeI ]IpXnbntesd Npn hfv Xmpacns Nphnse taav amn AXn\pnembn \nt]nv _mn Xev XmpactmtfmSv tNv sIp coXnbmWv \Sm\mbn Ahew_ntWvSXv. sNSnI Xn 2.5 apX 3 ao hscbpw hcnI Xn 1.2 apX 1.5 ao hscbpw AIew \IWw. XeI \ tijw NpNhdpI sImWvSv ]pXbnSWw. tXmn IfI shn amptXmsSmw CSbvnsS ]pXbnp sImSppXpw sImmw.

No ItmmWv hm\nebvv Dahfw. CXp hjn ctWvSm aqtm XhW \IWw. IqSmsX sNSn Hn\v 40-100 {Kmw bqdnb 300500 {Kmw tdmIv t^mkvt^v 100-180 {Kmw s]mmjv hfw ctWvSm aqtm XhWbmbn tNpsImSppXpw sImmw.

hm\nebpsS hf {IaoIcntWvSXv Imbv]nSnn\v AXymhiyw. km[mcWbmbn Hc cWvSpao hsc Dbcn hnIsf hfnbnv, Xmtgv XqnnSmt\m Xmp ImepIv IpdptI _nnp apfIfntem IpIfntem ]Scmt\m A\phZnpIbmWv sNtWvSXv.

BgvNbnsemcn hm\ne tXmn ]cnNcWw BhiyamWv. hnI sInbpdn, IpdpsI ]S, Bhiyanm XepI apdnpam, XW {IaoIcWw, tXmw ipNoIcWw Fnhsbms \nccw sNWw.

C\

hm\ne Irjn sNp cmPyfnsempw AXypXv]mZ\tijnbp C\ DXmbn Adnhn. \psS \mnepw nXn As\Xs.

Snjyq I

hm\nebpsS Snjyq I ssXI DXv]mZnnv hnXcWw sNp ]e m]\fpw Cp \psS \mnepWvSv. \So hkvXpfpsS Zue`yw ]cnlcnm CXv Hcp ]cn[n hsc klmbIhpamWv. Fm \ hfsbnb ssXI am{Xta \Sm\mbn D]tbmKnmhq.

]qhnSepw ]cmKWhpw

km[mcW \nebn \v aqmw hjw hm\ne ]qhnSpsanepw 78 hjambncnpw IqSpX ]qpeI DWvSmIpXv. ]qhnSpXn\v 6 8 amkw apv XebpsS A{K`mKw 7.5 10 sk.an. \ofn \pnfbpXv hnIfn ]qpeI DWvSmIpXn\v Gsd klmbnpw. Unkw_ apX amv hscbp amkfnemWp hm\ne ]qhnSpsXnepw HIvtSm_  \hw_ amkfnepw ]qmdpWvSv. ]qhnSp kabp \\ HgnhWw.

CesRnt\mSp tNmWp ]qpeI DWvSmIpXv. \ BtcmKyaq sNSnbn Htsd ]qpeIfpw Hmtcmnepw 1520 hsc ]qfpw ImWpw. ] Ie a \ndamWv ]qv. ]qhn\p hnZffpw CZffpw aqsw hoXapWvsSnepw HcnX cq]mcsv A[cmIrXnbnemWv. CXn\v (LABELLUM) Fp t]cv. ]qhnse Bs] _oPhmlnI IqSntv GItZiw 35 sk. an. hsc \ofn Ipg t]mse ImWsSpp. A[cmIrXnbnep tes_w Cu tImfns `qcn`mKhpw s]mXnncnpp. D`mKw tcmamhrXamb tImfns A{KnemWv _oPknI (POLLINIA). CXn\v Xmsgbmbn ]cmKWkYew (STIGMA) nXnsNpp. ]t, _oPknIfpw (]qsmSn AdI) ]cmKWehpambn D kzm`mhnI kw, ChbvnSbn AShpt]mse Xn\nevp `mKw (ROSTELLUM) aqew XSbsncnpp. CXpaqew hm\nebn Imbv ]nSnn\v Ir{Xna ]cmKWw BhiyamWv \psS \mn. ap cmPyfn ImWsSp saemwt]mW (MELAPONA) CuIfpw lnwKv InfnIfpw (HUMMING BIRDS) \psS \mnen. CXmWv Ir{Xna]cmKWw BhiyampXv.

hm\ne ]qv Hcp Znhkne[nIw BbpnmXn\m ]q hncnbp Znhkw Xs ]cmKWw \SWw. ]cmKWn\v ]nb kabw Bdp aWn apX Dbvv Hcp aWn hsc. hm\nebnse ]cmKWw Ffpn sNmw. CXn\mbn Cuntem, ]ppntbm, apfwNotfm Hs D]tbmKnmw. ]cmKWw \Sm\mbn CSXpssI sImWvSv ]qhns\ ]nSn tijw Xhncep]tbmKnv tes_w XmgvpI. CXm aqew tImfw kzX{amIpw. C\n ap]d D]IcWfnteXnsenepw Hv D]tbmKnv heXpssI sImWvSv ]Xps tdmsw apIfntev DbWw. CtXmsSmw CSXpssIbpsS Xhncensbpw NqWvSp hncensbpw klmbm XqnnSp ]qsmSn AdI ]cmKWev sXmSphnpI. CtXmsS ]cmKtcWp ]cmKWev \nt]nsSpIbpw sNpp. 85100 iXam\w hsc ]cmKWhpw ^enmdpWvSv. ]cmKWw icnbmbnnsn ASp Znhkw Xs ]q sImgnbpw.

\ ]cnioe\w e`n Hcmv Hcp Znhkw 10001500 ]qfn hsc ]cmKWw \Sm Ignbpw. km[mcWbmbn Hcp hm\nesSnbpsS 10  15 ]qpeIfnse 810 ]qfn am{Xw ]cmKWw \SpXmbncnpw KpWtabpw henhpap ImbvI e`nm A\ptbmPyw. _mn ]qpeIfpw ]qsampIfpw hf apcSn ImbvIfpw \pnfbWw. IqSpX ]qpeIfn ]cmKWw \Snbm ImbpsS `mcw aqew hn HSnbm\nSbpWvSv. Hcp sNSnbn \nv 30  100 hsc \ ImbvI e`npw.

hnfshSpv

]qhnv 6  9 amkn\Iw _okv (Imbv) aqspw. ]mIamIp _okpI bYmkabw ]dnWw. aqsnb ImbvIv ]Ie a\ndambncnpw. A{K`mKv IqSpXembn ImWsSp a\ndw Imbv apgph hym]npXn\v ap]v ]dnsSpWw. aqsnb ImbvIv 1225 sk.an. \ofhp kpam 205 sk.an. Npfhpw ImWpw. aqbp In sImWvtSm, cWvSp hncepI sImWvSantbm _okpI ASnsbSpmw. hnfshSp ImbvI HcmgvNbvpn kwkvIcnsSpWw.

kwkvcWw

hm\ne DXvmZnnp an cmPyfnepw AhcptSXmb kwkvIcW coXnIfpWvSv. saIvkn coXn, __t_m coXn, s]dqh coXn, Ctymt\jy coXn Fns\. Fm coXnIfnepw apJyambn hm, hnbn, kmh[m\nep DW, ]cphsSp Fo LfpsWvSnepw _p_t_m coXnbmWv A\phnm Ffphpw efnXhpw, tabp DXv]w e`nm tbmPnXpw. Cu coXnbn, ]dnsSpp _okpI \mbn IgpIn 6065 skjyknep NqSpshn apnsbSppp (CXmWv hm). hmnsbSpp ImbvI Hcp IcnSn \ncn shbnep hbvpp. Hcp aWnqtdmfw Ignv ImbvI NqSmbncnptm Xs Hcp Infnbn Npcpn Ipsd kabw IqSn shbn sImnpp. tijw sshIptctmsS Cu Infnpcpv Imp ISmXpw Dffn Idp XpWn sImWvtSm Infn sImWvtSm sse\nwKv sNbvXnpXpamb XSnsnbn ASp kqnpp. Cs\ Hcp Znhkw hbvptm Xs ImbvIv tNmvtev Xhnp\ndw e`npw. ASp Znhkw Cu Infnsv ]pdsSpv \nhn AXnse ImbvI Hcp aWnqtdmfw shbn sImnpp. Fnp hoWvSpw _okpI Infnpcpnemn Ipsd kabw IqSn shbn sImnpp. Fnv hoWvSpw _okpI Infpcpnemn Ipsd kabw IqSn shbn sImn tijw cm{Xnbn s]nbnempp. Cu {]{Inb Hcmgvtbmfw XpScpp. Cs\ ]I NqSmepw cm{Xnbn XWpnepw XpScptXmsS ImbvIv \ aWhpw abpw amhhpw DWvSmIpw. \mbn hnbn ImbvIsf A\mbmkw hfbvm\pw hncepIfn Npm\pw km[npw.

\mbn hnbn ImbvI hmbpkmcap apdnIfn kqnnp acdmpIfn \ncnbnv kmh[m\w DWnsbSppp. ImbvI icnpWm cWvSpamkw hsc FSpmw. CSbvnsS ImbvI hiw amnbnp sImSpWw. ]qambpw DWnb ImbvI hena\pkcnv Xcw Xncnp sIpIfmn (50100 s sIpI) sagpIpISemkn s]mXnv Ccpp s]nIfneSv kqnpp. GItZiw aqp amkw hsc Cs\ kqnmw (CXmWp ]cphsSp).

\hw kwkvIcnsSp Hmw t{KUnep _okn 2.5 iXam\w hm\nen DWvSmbncnpw. Ap apX H]Xv Cv \ofhpw \ aWhpw amZhhpw DWvSmbncnpXn\p ]pdta Hmw t{KUnep _okn bmsXmcp hn[nep ]pnIpepItfm ]q _m[tbm, \ndw atem DWvSmbncnn.

Bdp Intem{Kmw ]mbn \nv Hcp Intem{Kmw kwkvIcn _okv e`npw.

hnfhpw hnebpw

        \mbn ]cncnp hm\netXmn \nv slIvSdn\v 300-500 In. {Kmw hsc kwkvIcn _okv e`npw. ]p hjw hsc Hcp tXmn \nv \ \nebn BZmbw Inpw.

Hcp Intem{Kmw ]mbvv ChnsS 150 cq]tbmfamWv hne. Fm kwkvIcnsSp \ t{KUnep Hcp Intem{Kmw hm\ne Imbvv GItZiw 2500 cq] hnebpWvSv, Amcmjv{S hn]Wnbn. CXn\w \psS \mn hm\nebpsS hn]Wnbpw amv CenPkpw C\nbpw kPohamtIWvSXpsWvSmWv. Fmte hm\ne IrjnbneqsS Dtinp{X saw \appWvSmIq.

tcmKfpw IoSfpw

hm\nesb {][m\ambpw _m[npXv IqpNob, thcpNob, ISNob Fo Ipan tcmKfmWv. Ce]pn tcmKhpw IWvSphcmdpWvSv. an tcmKfpw bYmkabw acpp Xfnm \nb{nmw. Hcp iXam\w hocyap t_mtUman{inXw, 0.2 iXam\w hocyap ssUt Fw 45, 0.1 iXam\w hocyap _mhnn Fo acppIfntesXnepw Xfnm tcmK\nb{Ww Ddmmw. tXmipNoIcWw, XW {IaoIcWw Fnhbpw tcmKw DWvSmImXncnm klmbnpw. hm\nesb _m[np IoSsf \psS \mn IsWvSnbnn.

hm\nebpw AePnbpw

hm\ne kwkvIcWnepw tXmnepw tPmensNp sXmgnemfnIfn 'hm\nenkw' F AePn DWvSmImdpWvSv. XethZ\, hbdn\p hmbva, icocamsI sNmdnp XSn HsbmWv eW. hm\nen hnj_m[bmWp ImcWw. CXp IqSmsX hm\nenbpsS CebpsS \ocv icocn ]pcWvSmepw icocw NphpsNmdnp XSnmdpWvSv.

Ipd hnebvp ssXbpw Irjnp k_vknUnbpw

Ir{Xna hm\nebpsS Imew Ignbpp. ISemkp anpIfn \nv ]pdp Nne cmkhkvXpfn \npw tImSm t]mse icocn\p tZmjIcamb knnnpIfn \npw apamWv Ir{Xna hm\ne kv \nanpXv. {]IrXnZ hm\nebpsS e`yXpdhv Xs AhbpsS hym]Iamb D]tbmKn\p ImcWw.

CybmIam\w Irjn sNbvsXSppXv 3000 Sn Xmsg am{Xw hm\nebmWv. BhiyapXv F{Xtbm A[nIw. Cybn \np IbpaXn sNpXns 10 iXam\tmfw A[nI UnampWvSv.

tIcfn Xncph\]pcw, CSpn, FdWmIpfw, hb\mSv PnIfnembn 60 slIvS ep ]pXnb hm\ne mpI Bcw`npp.

CSpn Pnbnse ssaemSpw ]mdbn kvss]kkv t_mUns Cy Gew KthjWtIn (sF. kn. B. sF) hm\neIrjn sNbvXnpWvSv. Irjn hym]nnm\p kvss]kkv t_mUns {iav ChnSs KthjI\mb tUm. sI. sP a[pkqZ\ t\XrXzw \Ipp.

\mbn Irjn sNbvXm Hcp slIvS ep \nv 250300 In. {Kmw hsc DWnb hm\ne e`npsamWv tUm. a[pkqZ\s ]w. CXn\v Amcmjv{S hn]Wnbn Hc ew cq]bntesd hnebpWvSv. 18 hjtmfw sNSnbn \npw hnfshSpmw.

DWnb _okv Cybn cWvSp I\nI am{Xta AkwkvIyX hkvXphmbn D]tbmKnppp. (hm\ne ]uUdmntbm Hmbnemntbm BWv D]tbmKnpXv) sImtetcnbnse knssv CUkv{Snb sIankpw a{Zmknse _pjvt_me\pw.

1989 emWv ssaemSpw]mdbn hm\ne KthjWw Bcw`npXv. Ctm \nch[n efn sF.kn.B.sF mpWvSv.

_mwqcn\npw tImbqcn \npw Snjyp I ssXI, Hn\v Fp cq] \ncnemWp kvss]kkv t_mUv hmpXv.

sF.kn.B.sFbnse \gvkdnbn \mepamkw hfnb tijw IjIp ssX \IpXp shdpw Hcp cq]bvpw. Hcp sNSnv 12 cq]tbmfw sNehpWvSv.

hm\ne Irjn sNm kvss]kkv t_mUv slIvSdn\v 5500 cq] \ncn k_vknUnbpw t_mUns ^oUv Hm^okpI hgn ssXIfpw \Ipp.