Iq¬ F¶p tI«m \½psS HmÀ½bn hcp¶Xv hÀjIme§fn ]d¼pIfnepw PoÀ®n¨ ac¡pänIfnepw hfÀ¶phcp¶ hnhn[ BIrXnbnepw hÀ®§fnepw DÅ ]eXcw IqWpIfmWv.  Cu IqWpIÄ kkytemI¯n lcnXclnX kky§fpsS Iq«¯n s¸Sp¶ IpanfpIfpsS {^q«nwKv t_mUn AYhm kvt]mtdmt^mdpIfmWv.

        BZnImew apX a\pjy³ IqWpIsf `£y hkvXphmbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. F¶m A¶p ag¡me¯v \m«n³]pd§fn am{Xw e`yambncp¶ IqWpIÄ C¶v FÃmkab¯pw FÃm Øe¯pw e`yamhp¶Xpt]mse Iq¬ Irjn ]ptcmKan¨n«pWvSv. CXn\p ImcWw IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ aWw, cpNn t]mjIKpW§Ä F¶nhbmWv. hnIk\ cmPy§fnseÃmw C¶v Iq¬ Irjn hn]pes¸«phcnIbmWv. temIsa¼mSpapÅ imkv{XÚ·mcpsSbpw Irjn¡mcpsSbpw ]cn{ia^eambn ChbpsS Irjn C¶v Ffp¸hpw em`Ichpambn¯oÀ¶n«pWvSv.

        `qapJ¯v GItZiw \mev]¯¿mbncw IqWn\§Ä DsWvS¦nepw Ahbn `£ytbmKyambh GItZiw cWvSmbncw C\§fmWv. CXn Fgp]tXmfw  C\§Ä imkv{Xobambn  IrjnsN¿mw F¶p IWvSp]nSn¨n«psWvS¦nepw 20-25 C\§Ä am{Xta hmWnPymSnØm\¯n hnhn[cmPy§fn Irjn sN¿p¶pÅq.

        temI¯n BZyambn imkv{Xobamb coXnbn Iq¬Irjn XpS§nbXv 17-mw \qämWvSn {^m³knemWv. ]n¶oSv aäp bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnte¡pw ssN\, Xbvhm³, sImdnb, Xmbveâv, P¸m³, C´y apXemb cmPy§fnte¡pw Iq¬ Irjn hym]n¨p. C´ybn BZyambn Iq¬ Irjnsb¸än ]0\w \S¯nbXv 1908- kÀ.tUhnUv {_bn³ F¶ imkv{XÚ\mbncp¶p. F¶m hn]peamb coXnbn Iq¬ Irjn Bcw`n¨Xv 1960-emWv. sshäv _«³ ajvdpw F¶ C\amWv BZyambn Irjn sN¿p¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¨Xv. tIcf ¯n Iq¬ IrjnbpsS km²yXIsf¸änbpÅ ]0\§Ä Bcw`n¨Xv 1970-75 ImeL«¯n ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebmWv. Ct¸mÄ tIcfm ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebpsS IognepÅ an¡ KthjWtI{µ§fnepw Iq¬ Irjnsb¡pdn¨v KthjW§Ä \S¶phcp¶p.

        C´ybn {][m\ambpw sshäv, _«³ Iq¬, ssht¡m Iq¬, Nn¸n¡q¬ F¶obn\w IqWpIÄ hmWnPymSnØm\¯n Irjn sN¿p¶pWvSv. Chbn Nn¸n¡q¬ C\amWv tIcf¯nse ImemhØbv¡v A\ptbmPyambn, sNehv Ipdª coXnbn - Gähpw em`Icambn IrjnsN¿phm³ ]änbXv.  

• Iq¬ IrjnbpsS Bhiyw

        C¶p hÀ²n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶ P\kwJybv¡\pkcn¨v FÃmhÀ¡pw ]qÀ®amb t]mjIw In«phm\pÅ `£yhkvXp¡Ä Dev]mZn¸nt¡WvSXp hfsc AXymhiyamWv. icoc¯n\mhiyamb DuÀÖw \ÂIp¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ icnbmb coXnbn amwkyhpw [mXp¡fpw PohI§fpw icoc¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v AXy´mt]£nXamWv. \½psS \m«nse BtcmKy{]iv\¯n amwky¯nsâ Ipdhv Hcp {][m\ {]iv\amWv. F¶m C¶s¯ kmlNcy¯nÂ, IrjnsN¿p¶ Øew hnkvXrXam¡p¶Xv km[yaÃ. A[nIw Øehpw apX apS¡pw CÃmsX Ipdª sNehn `£yhkvXp Dev]mZn¸n¡phm³ ]änb amÀ¤amWv Iq¬Irjn. Hcp `£y hkvXp F¶ \nebn amwky¯nsâ Ipdhv ]cnlcn¡phm³ IqWn\v Hcp {][m\ ]¦phln¡phm³ Ignbpw. B{^n¡t]mepÅ AhnIknX cmPy§fn amwky¯nsâ Ipdhp ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\mbn temI`£y ImÀjnI kwLS\ (FAO) ip]mÀi sNbvXn«pÅ Gähpw Nnehp Ipdª Hcp `£W]ZmÀ°amWv Iq¬. amwk `p¡pIÄ¡pw kky `p¡pIÄ¡pw `£n¡phm³ ]änb GI `£WamWnXv. CXnsâ aWhpw cpNnbpw Bscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶XpamWv. {]tal tcmKnIÄ¡pw lrZb kw_Ô amb AkpJ§Ä DÅhÀ¡pw FÃm {]mb¯nepÅhÀ¡pw Iq¬ Hcp D¯amlmcamWv.

        km[mcWbmbn FÃm Irjn¡pw A[nI Øehpw shÅhpw BhiyamWv. F¶m Ipdª Afhv Øehpw shÅhpw DÅhÀ¡pw Iq¬ Irjn BZmbIcambn sN¿phm³ km[n¡pw. aäv IrjnIfpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ Ipdª Øe¯n \n¶pw IqSnb Dev]mZ\w e`n¡p¶Xv Cu IrjnbpsS Hcp {]tXyIXbmWv.

        aäp IrjnIfn \n¶p e`n¡p¶ D]tbmKyiq\yamb hkvXp¡fpw, D]hkvXp¡fpw (By-product) AZmbIcamb coXnbn Iq¬ Irjnbn D]tbmKn¡phm³ km[n¡pw.

        sXmgnenÃm¯ bphm¡Ä¡pw, ho«½amÀ¡pw Cu IrjnbneqsS kzbw sXmgn IsWvS¯phm³ km[n¡pw. tIcf¯nse ImemhØbn Nn¸n¡q¬ Ipdª sNehn em`Icambn IrjnsN¿phm³ ]änb IqWn\amWv. CXnsâ Irjn coXnIsf¡pdn¨pw, hn¯pev]mZs¯¡pdn¨pw DÅ ]cnioe\w ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebpsS KthjWtI{µ§fnepw Irjn hnÚm\ tI{µ§fnepw e`n¡p¶p.    

• IqWnsâ t]mjI KpW§Ä

         \½psS icoc¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v Bhiyamb hfscb[nIw t]mjI§Ä AS§nbncn¡p¶ Hcp k¼qÀ® BlmcamWv Iq¬. t]mjIaqey¯nsâ Imcy¯n Iq¬, ]¨¡dnIÄ¡pw tasebmsW¶mWv IW¡m¡nbn«pÅXv. 70 Intem{Kmw Xq¡apÅ BtcmKyapÅ Hcmfn\v BhiyapÅ t]mjIaqey§Ä, 100 apX 200 {Kmw DW§nb, IqWn \n¶pw e`n¡p¶p F¶p IWvSncn¡p¶p. cpNnbnepw, aW¯nepw, t]mjIKpW¯nepw, ap¶n«p\n¡p¶ Hcp BlmcamWnXv. {][m\ Iq¬ C\§fnse t]mjILSI§Ä  ]«nI 1- sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

 ]«nI 1. Iq¬ C\§fnse t]mjILSI§Ä (iXam\w)

LSIw	Nn¸n¡q¬	_«¬Iq¬	ssht¡m Iq¬
Pemwiw	89.3	88.1	89.6
amwkyw	2.9	2.8	1.8
sImgp¸v	0.4	0.2	0.3
A¶Pw	5.3	6.3	5.5
\mcv	1.1	1.3	1.7
[mXpehW§Ä	1.0	1.3	1.1
DuÀÖw (Itemdn)	33.9	34.4	29.2

• amwkyw  

         IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ Gähpw {][m\s¸« t]mjIw, amwkyw AYhm t{]m«o\mWv. Cu amwky¯n\v Zl\tijn hfsc IqSpXemWv (70 iXam\w). a\pjy icoc¯n\mhiyamb Aant\m A¾§Ä FÃmw Xs¶ AS§nbn«pÅ GI kkymlmcamWv Iq¬. CXn\m IqWnse amwkys¯ 'kaoIrX amwkyw' (Complete protein) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.  

• Aant\m A¾§Ä

         icoc¯n\p kz´ambn \nÀ½n¡phm³ km[n¡m¯Xpw F¶m Ahiyw thWvSXpamb F«v Aant\m A¾§Ä (Essential amino acids) IqWn AS§nbn«pWvSv. P´pP\yamb amwky¯n IWvSphcp¶ Nne Ahiy Aant\m Aw¾§fpw IqWn DWvSv. ssekn³, {S]vtäm^m³ F¶o Aant\m A¾§Ä IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶XmWv CXn\p amwkXpeyamb cpNnbpw, aWhpw \ÂIp¶Xv. CXn\m IqWns\ 'kky`p¡pIfpsS Cd¨n' (Vegetable meat) F¶p ]dbp¶p. Hcp hbÊn\p XmsgbpÅ Ip«nIÄ¡v Blmc¯neqsS e`nt¡WvS 'lnÌnUn³' F¶ Aant\m A¾hpw IqWn AS§nbn«pWvSv.

         IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ Ahiy Aant\m A¾§Ä ]«nI 2þ sImSp¯n«pWvSv.

{Ia \¼À	Aant\m A¾§Ä	Afhv {Kmw/100 {Kmw amwkyw
1.	eqkn³	4.91
2.	sFtkmeqkn³	3.13
3.	hmsse³	3.77
4.	{S^vtäm^m³	0.88
5.	ssekn³	3.99
6.	{Xtbm\n³	5.53
7.	^nss\Â Aem\n³	3.94
8.	sa¯ntbm\n³	1.31

• PohIw  

     IqWneS§nbn«pÅ asämcp {][m\ LSIw  PohIw AYhm hnäman\pIfmWv. \½psS BtcmKy¯n\v AXymhiyamb Xbman³, ssdt_m^vtfhn³, \bmkn³, _tbm«n³, AkvtImÀ_nIv BknUv, t^mfnIv BknUv F¶o '_n' hnäman\pIfpsS Hcp IehdbmWv Iq¬. km[mcWbmbn Hcp ]¨¡dnbnepw t^mfnIv BknUv, _tbm«n³ F¶o PohI§Ä ImWmdnÃ. F¶m IqWn Ch cWvSpw AS§nbn«pWvSv. t^mfnIv BknUv F¶ PohIw, Nph¶ càmWp¡fpsS (RBC) Dev]mZ\¯n\v hfsc AXymhiyamWv. AXn\m cà¡pdhv, hnfÀ¨ apXemb tcmK§Ä XSbp¶Xn\p Iq¬ hfsc \ÃXmWv.  

• [mXpehW§Ä

        ]e ]¨¡dnIfnepw ]ghÀ¤§fnepw AS§nbncn¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ IqSpX [mXpehW§Ä IqWn AS§nbn«pWvSv. t^mkv^dkv, s]m«mkyw, sN¼v, Ccp¼v, ImÂkyw, aáojyw, tkmUnbw apXembhbmWv IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ {][m\ [mXpehW§Ä.

        IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ {][m\ [mXpehW§Ä ]«nI 3- sImSp¯n«pWvSv.

]«nI 3. IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶ {][m\ [mXpehW§Ä

{Ia\¼À	[mXpehW§Ä	anÃn{Kmw/100 {Kmw ]¨¡q¬
1	s]m«mkyw	379.30
2	t^mkv^dkv	134.80
3	tkmUnbw	83.70
4	ImÂkyw	3.30
5	Ccp¼v	1.50

IqWneS§nbncn¡p¶ DbÀ¶ s]m«mkyw tkmUnbw A\p]mXw (4:5:1) ssl¸À sS³j³ DÅ tcmKnIÄ¡v hfsc \ÃXmWv.  

• A¶Pw

        IqWn A¶P¯nsâ Afhv hfsc IpdhmWv. CXv {][m\ambpw ss¥t¡mP³ Bbn«mWv IqWn AS§nbncn¡p¶Xv. cà¯nte¡v hfsc thKw ss¥t¡mP³ BKncWw sN¿s¸Sp¶p. IqSmsX ssIän³, slanskÃptemkv F¶nhbpw A¶P¯nsâ cq]¯n IqWneS§nbn«pWvSv. ÌmÀ¨pw X\n ]©kmcbpw (Free sugar) H«pw Xs¶ AS§nbn«nà  

• sImgp¸v  

        IqWn AS§nbn«pÅ sImgp¸nsâ Afhv hfsc IpdhmWv. Cu sImgp¸n sImfkvt{SmÄ H«pw AS§nbn«nÃ. CXn\p]Icambn FÀtKmÌotdmÄ BWv AS§n bncn¡p¶Xv. CXv hnäman³ 'Un' Bbn icoc¯n\pÅn ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸Sp¶p. icoc¯n\mhiyamb A]qcnX ^män BknUpIfmb eot\mfn¡v BknUv XpS§nb IqWn AS§nbn«pÅXn\m cà¯nse sImfkvt{Smfnsâ Afhns\ Ipdbv¡phm³ Iq¬ klmbn¡p¶p.  

• \mcpIÄ

        IqWn A[nIw \mcpIÄ AS§nbncn¡p¶Xn\m Zlt\{µnb§fpsS icnbmb {]hÀ¯\¯n\v klmbn¡p¶p. IqSmsX lrt{ZmKw, As¸³Unsskänkv, sNdpIpSense Im³kÀ, aäp IpS tcmK§Ä F¶nh XSbp¶Xn\pw \mcpIÄ klmbn¡p¶p.  

• Iq¬ - kwc£nXmlmcw

        IqWn AS§nbn«pÅ  £mcKpWapÅ [mXpehW§fpw \mcpIfpw ssl¸À AknUnän Ipdbv¡p¶Xn\v klmbIcamWv, DuÀÖhpw, sImgp¸pw, hfsc IpdhmbXpsImWvSpw \à KpWta·bpÅ amwkyhpw, hnäman\pIfpw, [mXpehW§fpw, \mcpIfpw AS§nbn«pÅXpsImWvSpw {]talw, lrZvtcmKw, AanXh®w, DbÀ¶ càk½À±w F¶o AkpJ§fpÅhÀ¡v hfsc tbmPn¨ Hcp `£y]ZmÀ°amWv Iq¬. {]taltcmKnIÄ¡v CXp Hcp D¯amlmcambXn\m CXns\ '{]tal¡mcpsS  B\µw' (Delight of the diabetic) F¶p ]dbp¶p. \½psS Blmc¯n \nXyhpw Iq¬ DÄs¸Sp¯nbm ta¸dª AkpJ§Ä DWvSmIp¶Xn\pÅ km²yX hfscb[nIw Ipdbp¶p. CXp sImWvSmWv IqWns\ Hcp kwc£nXmlmcw (Protective food) F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.

•  Huj[ KpW§Ä

        IqWn ]e Xc¯nepÅ Huj[KpW§Ä AS§nbn«pÅXmbn ]T\§Ä shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. tcmKImcnIfmb _mIvSocnb, sshdkv, s{]mt«mtkmh apXemb AWp¡Äs¡Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ ]e cmkPoh LSI§fpw IqWn AS§nbn«p ÅXmbn IsWvS¯nbn«pWvSv. t]mfntbm, C³^vfph³km F¶o tcmK§Ä DWvSm¡p¶ sshdkpIÄs¡Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ 'CâÀ^tdm¬' (Interferon) F¶ hkvXp icoc tImi§fn \nÀ½n¡p¶Xn\pÅ Ignhpw Nn¸n¡q¬ ]Xnhmbn Ign¡p¶hÀ¡v DWvSmIp¶Xmbn IWvSp]nSn¨n«pWvSv. P¸m³, Cw¥WvSv, Atacn¡ apXemb cmPy§fn \S¯nb ]T\¯n \n¶pw Nn¸n¡q¬ ]Xnhmbn `£n¡p¶hÀ¡v Im³kÀ hcm\pÅ km[yX hfsc IpdhmsW¶v  sXfnªn«pWvSv. Nnebn\w IqWpIÄ ]eXcw tlmantbm acp¶pIÄ DWvSm¡p¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¡p¶pWvSv.  

• Iq¬ F¶ kkyw

        IqWpIÄ kkytemI¯n IpanÄ (Fungus) hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶ PohnIfmWv. km[mcW kky§Ä¡v ]¨\ndw sImSp¡p¶ lcnXIw (Chlorophy II) F¶ hÀ®hkvXp Chbn CÃm¯Xn\m kzbw `£Ww \nÀ½n¡phm\pÅ Ignhv Chbv¡nÃ. AXn\m kz´w `£ymhiy§Ä¡mbn \nÀÖoh ssPh hkvXp¡sftbm aäv kkyPme§sftbm B{ibn¡p¶p. Poh\pÅ hkvXp¡sf B{ibn¨p Pohn¡p¶ IpanfpIsf ']mcsskävkv' (Parasites) F¶pw, Nobp¶Xpw, AgpIp¶Xpamb ssPh hkvXp¡sf B{ibn¨p Pohn¡p¶ IpanfIsf 'kmt{]mss^ävkv' (Saprophytes) F¶pw hnfn¡p¶p. km[mcW KXnbn IqWpIsfÃmw "kmt{]mss^ävkv' hn`mK¯n s¸Sp¶hbmWv.

        IqWpIfpsS hfÀ¨mL«s¯ ImbnI hfÀ¨mL«w (Vegetative phase), {]Xypev]mZ\ L«w (Reproductive phase), F¶v cWvSmbn Xncn¡mw. ImbnIm hfÀ¨m L«¯n IpanfIfpsS ASnØm\LSIs¯ 'ssl^' (Hypha) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. ]e ssl^IÄ IqSnt¨À¶v hfcp¶XmWv Ipanfnsâ icoc hkvXp. CXns\ 'ssakoenbw' (Mycelium) F¶p ]dbp¶p. Ch Nne {]tXyI kmlNcy¯n H¶n¨p hfÀ¶v tKmfmIrXnbnepÅ sam«pIfmbn cq]m´cs¸Sp¶p.  ]n¶oSv Ah hfÀ¶v hepXmbn IqSbpsS cq]¯n hnIkn¡p¶p. CXv A{K`mK¯v ]e hep¸¯nepw, cq]¯nepw, \nd¯nepapÅ hn¯pIÄ AYhm kvt]mdpIÄ (Spores) DWvSmbn AXn\pÅnemWv hn¯pIÄ DWvSmIp¶Xv. ]e BIrXnbnepw, \nd¯nepw, hep¸¯nepw ImWs¸Sp¶Xmb amwkf`mKamb CXv Iq¬ ]q¡Ä AYhm {^q«nwKv t_mUn (Fruiting body) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. ChbmWv Iq¬ F¶ t]cn \mw Ign¡p¶Xv.

1. kvt]mdpIÄ

2. apf¨p hcp¶ kvt]mdpIÄ

3. ssl^

4. ssakoenbw

5. tKmfmIrXnbnepÅ sam«pIÄ

6. hnSÀ¶ Iq¬

7. kvt]mÀ Dev]mZ\w  

• IqWnsâ hnhn[`mK§Ä

 IqWn\v {][m\ambpw A©p `mK§fpWvSv.

 1. IpS (Iym¸v/ss]enbkv) 2. AdIÄ/]mfnIÄ (KnÃpIÄ) 3. tamXnc hfbw (B\pekv) 4. XWvSv (ss̸v)  5. I¸v (thmÄh) F¶nhbmWv.

•         ss]enbkv/IpS

•         AdIÄ/KnÂkv

•         A\pekv/tamXnchfbw

•         ss̸v/XWvSv

•         thmÄhv/I¸v                                 

•         ssl^/X´p¡Ä

        IqWnsâ {][m\s¸« `mK§Ä C{XbpamsW¦nepw Cu hyXymka\pkcn¨v hnhn[ `mK§Ä¡v hyXykvX cq]t`Z§Ä ImWmw.

        Iq¬ F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ \nhÀ¯n¸nSn¨ Hcp IpSbpsS cq]amWv \½psS a\Ên hcp¶Xv. IqWpIfn Gdnb ]¦n\pw C§s\ IpS cq]amWpÅXv. IpSbpsS BIrXnbnepÅ Cu `mK¯n\p ss]enbkv F¶p ]dbp¶p. F¶m Nn¸n¡q¬ km[mcWbmbn IpScq]¯nepÅ Hcp IqWÃ. AXn\v Hcp Nn¸nbpsS (Oyster) BIrXnbmWpÅXv. Cu C\w IqWn IpS, XWvSv Ch X½n {]ISamb hyXymkw ImWpIbnÃ. IpS GXmWvSv cWvSvþaq¶v C©v hnkvXmcapÅXpw amwkfhpambncn¡pw. XWvSv hfsc sNdpXpw aq¶n©v hsc \ofapÅXpw IpSbpsS Hcp hi¯mbn ]nSn¸n¨n«pÅXpambncn¡pw Cu XWvSns\ 's̸v' F¶p ]dbp¶p. IpSbpsS ASn`mK¯v N{I¯nsâ XWvSpIÄ t]mse ImWp¶ `mK¯n\v AdIÄ AYhm ]mfnIÄ (Gills) F¶p ]dbp¶p. Cu AdIÄ¡pÅnemWv IqWnsâ hn¯pIÄ AYhm kvt]mdpIÄ Dev]mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. Nnebn\w IqWpIfn IpStbmSv tNÀ¶v XWvSn tamXnc hfbw t]mse Hcp `mKw ImWmw. CXns\ B\qekv F¶p]dbpw. thsd Nnebn\w IqWpIfn XWvSnsâ Nph«n _Ä_ntâtbm I¸ntâtbm BIrXnbn ]cp]cp¯ thmÄh F¶ `mKw ImWmw. IqWnsâ thcv thmÄhbv¡p ÅneqsS Ah hfcp¶ am[ya¯n\pÅnte¡v t]mIp¶p. km[mcWKXnbn IpSbpsS apIÄ `mKw sXment]mepÅ Hcp BhcWw sImtWvSm i¡§ÄsImtWvSm BhcWw sNbvXncn¡pw. A¯cw IqWpIÄ km[mcW KXnbn `£W¯n\mbn Cu sXmen/ i¡§Ä \o¡w sNbvXXn\p tijamWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. F¶m Nn¸n¡q¬ `£W¯n\mbn D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ AXnsâ Hcp `mKhpw \o¡w sNt¿WvSXnÃ.

        IqWpIfpsS hwihÀ²\w Ah Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ kvt]mdpIÄ hgnbmWv. Ch hmbphn¡qSn hym]n¨v a®ntem acsIm¼pIfntem aäv hkvXp¡fntem ]Xnbp¶p. A\pIqeamb ImemhØbnÂ, A\pIqeamb hkvXp¡fn Ch apf¨v X´p¡Ä DWvSm¡n hoWvSpw hfcp¶p. F¶m Iq¬ Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ Iq¬hn¯mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv X´p¡fnÂ\n¶v {]tXyIcoXnbn hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶ 'kvt]m¬' F¶t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ Iq¬ hn¯mWv.  

4. IqWnsâ hnhn[ C\§Ä

         temI¯n GItZiw cWvSmbnct¯mfw C\w IqWpIÄ `£ytbmKyamsW¶p IW¡pIÄ ]dbp¶p. C´ybn hnhn[bn\w a®pIÄ¡pw ImemhØbv¡pw A\ptbmPyamb, Dt±iw A¼Xv C\w `jytbmKyamb IqWpIfpWvSv. tIcf¯n hnhn[ t]cpIfn Adnbs¸Sp¶ NnX¡qWpIÄ (sS³antämssaknäkv), Aco¡q¬, ]cp¡³Iq¬, ]¶n¡q¬, sNhnb³Iq¬, D¸pIq¬ apXemb ag¡me§fn a®nepw ac¡pänIfnepw apf¨p s]m§p¶ ]e C\w IqWpIfpw `£ytbmKyambhbmWv. F¶mepw 20-25 C\§Ä am{Xta hmWnPymSnØm\¯n hnhn[ cmPy§fn Irjn sN¿p¶pÅq, Irjn sN¿s¸Sp¶ {][m\ C\w IqWpIfpsS t]cp ]«nI 4- sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

]«nI 4. IrjntbmKyamb Iq¬ hÀ¤§Ä

{Ia\¼À	Iq¬ C\w (km[mcW t]cv)	imkv{Xob \maw
1.	sshäv _«³ Iq¬	Agaricus sp
2.	Nn¸n¡q¬/ HmbvÌÀ sajvdqw	Pleurotus sp
3.	hbvt¡m Iq¬/ ]mUnkvt{Sm ajvdqw	Volvariella  / volvaceae
4.	]mÂIq¬/ an¡n ajvdqw	Calocybe indica
5.	jntä¡v ajvdqw	Lentinus edodes
6.	hnâÀ  ajvdqw	Flammulina velutipes
7.	hpUvCbÀ/ Pohnjv CbÀ	Auricularia polytricha
8.	tIm{]n\kv ajvdqw	Coprinus comatus
9.	\tatIm ajvdqw	Pholiota nemeko
10.	KmÀU³ Pbâv	Stropharia ruggosannulata
11.	knÂhÀ CbÀ	Tremella fuciformis

temI¯n sam¯w Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ Iq¬ C\§fn H¶mw Øm\w sshäv _«³ ajvdqan\pw (40%) cWvSmw Øm\w Nn¸n¡qWn\pamWv (24%).

        C´ybn sshäv _«¬ Iq¬ (White button mushroom), Nn¸n¡q¬ (Oyster mushroom), ssht¡m Iq¬ (Paddy straw mushroom), ]m¡q¬ (Milky mushroom) F¶o \mepamWv Irjn sNbvXphcp¶ {]m[m\ C\§Ä.  Cu C\§Ä hnPbIcambn Irjn sN¿p¶Xn\p {]tXyIw am[ya§fpw, hyXykvXamb coXnIfpw, \nÝnX ImemhØbpw BhiyamWv.  Cu \mep C\§Ä Irjn sN¿p¶Xn\v Bhiyamb kmlNcy§Ä ]«nI 5- sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

]«nI 5. hnhn[ C\w IqWpIÄ Irjn sN¿m³
Bhiyamb kmlNcy§Ä

{Ia\¼À	Iq¬ C\§Ä	IrjnbpsS Imebfhv (Znhkw)	A´co£ CuÀ¸w (%)	ImbnI hfÀ¨	NqSv (oC) Iq¬ Dev]mZ\w
1.	sshäv _«¬ Iq¬	90	85-95	21-23	14-15
2.	Nn¸n¡q¬	45	75-90	20-30	20-30
3.	ssht¡m Iq¬	25	80-90	24-30	30-35
4.	]mÂIq¬	60	60-85	25-35	25-35

           Cu \mev C\§fpw tIcf¯n Irjn sN¿p¶psWvS¦nepw sshäv _«¬ ajvdpw Irjn sN¿Wsa¦n Iq¬ Dev]mZ\ kab¯pÅ NqSv 14-15 skÂjyÊv Bbn \nb{´n¡Ww CXn\v h³ apXÂapS¡v thWvSXpsImWvSv km[mcW IÀjIÀ¡v CXv Irjn sN¿phm³ km[n¡pIbnÃ.  tIcf¯n cWvSv h³InS I¼\nIÄ  (ämäm äo I¼n\n, sshIpWvUw ajvdpw ^mw) sshäv _«¬ ajvdpw Irjn sN¿p¶pWvSv.  Nn¸n¡q¬, ssht¡m Iq¬, ]m¡q¬ F¶o C\§Ä tIcf¯nse ImemhØbv¡p Irjn sN¿phm³ tbmPn¨sX¦nepw Dev]mZ\£aX hbvt¡m IqWn\v hfsc IpdhmWv (10%).  Nn¸n¡qWn\v 50-100% Dev]mZ\£aXbpWvSv. ]m¡q¬ Irjn C´ybne[nIw {]Ncn¨n«nÃ.  F¶m Nn¸n¡q¬ t]mse ]m¡qWpw tIcf¯n hnPbIcambn Irjn sN¿phm³ km[n¡pw F¶v ]T\§Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

       C¶p tIcf¯nse GXv ImemhØbnepw hfsc em`Icambn Irjn sN¿phm³ ]änb C\w Nn¸n¡qWmWv.  Ignª Hcp Zim_vZambn C´ybn Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn hfscb[nIw hym]n¨n«pWvSv.

5.Nn¸n¡q¬ C\§Ä

       ¹qtdm«kv (Pleurotus) P\pknÂs]« C\w IqWpIÄ Nn¸n¡qWpIÄ F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p.  C¯cw IqWpIÄ¡v Nn¸nbpsS BIrXnbpÅXpsImWvSmWv Ch Nn¸n¡qWpIÄ (Oyster mushroom) F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu C\¯nsâ IqsS Hcp {]tXyI coXnbnemWv XWvSpambn LSn¸n¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ, Nn¸n¡qWn Hcp hi¯mbn«mWv XWvSnsâ XpS¡w.  Cu IqWpIÄ km[mcWbmbn, DW§p¶Xpw Nobp¶Xpamb, XSnIfnepw ac¡päpIfnepw hfcp¶ C\w IqWpIfmWv.  ¹qtdm«kv P\pkn GItZiw \mev]tXmfw kv]ojnkpIÄ DWvSv.  ChsbÃmw `£ytbmKyaÃ. hfsc amwkfambXpw F¶m ZrVXbpÅXpamb GItZiw 14 kv]ojnkpIÄ am{XamWv `£ytbmKyambn«pÅXv.  aäpÅh hfsc I«nbpÅXpw tXmept]mepÅXpw (Leathery) Bbncn¡pw.  A¯cw C\§Ä hnjanÃm¯hbmsW¦nepw `£ytbmKyaÃ. 

      
C¶v IrjnsN¿s¸Sp¶ {][m\ Nn¸n¡q¬ kv]qjnkpIÄ Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

1. ¹qtdm«kv tkmPÀImPp    (Pleurotus sojarcaju)

2. ¹qtdm«kv kn{Snt\mss]entbäkv (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) 

3. ¹qtdm«kv PamÀ (Pleurotusjamar)  

4. ¹qtdm«kv tImÀWptIm¸ntb (Pleurotus cornucopiae)  

5. ¹qtdm«kv Hmkv{Stbäkv (Pleurotus ostereatus)  

6. ¹qtdm«kv ^vfm_tÃäkv (Pleurotus flabellatus)  

7. ¹qtdm«kv s]ätembvSkv (Pleurotus petaloides)  

8. ¹qtdm«kv ¹män¸kv (Pleurotus platypus)  

9. ¹qtdm«kv Cbkv (Pleurotus oeas)  

10. ¹qtdm«kv ^vtfmdnUm (Pleurotus florida)

11. ¹qtdm«kv km¸nUkv (Pleurotus sapidus)

12. ¹qtdm«kv H]³jnb (Pleurotus opuntiae)

13. ¹qtdm«kv Fcn©n (Pleurotus erinji)

14. ¹qtdm«kv UnÌnUntbmknkv (Pleurotus decitidiodis)

           Cu C\§sfÃmw Xs¶ hfsc ZrVhpw Cd¨n¡p Xpeyamb I«nbpw cpNnbpw, aWhpw DÅhbmWv.  

• ¹qtdm«kv tkmPÀImPp  

       Cu Iq¬ Fw-2 (M-2) F¶ t]cnepw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.  tIcf¯n BZyambn Irjn sNbvX IqWn\amWnXv. Cfw Nmc\ndw IeÀ¶ shÅ \ndapÅ C¯cw IqWpIÄ arZpXztadnbXpw hfsc cpNnbpÅXpamWv. Ch Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ hnfhv In«m³ 18-22 Znhkw thWvSnhcpw.  CXnsâ hnfhpw IqSpXemWv.  800 {Kmw apX 1 Intem{Kmw hsc IqWpIÄ 750 {Kmw ssht¡m XS¯n \n¶pw In«p¶XmWv.  tIcf¯nse ImemhØbn FÃm Øe¯pw FÃm kab¯pw Irjn sN¿phm³ ]änb C\amWnXv.  

• ¹qtdm«kv kn{Snt\mss]entbäkv.  

        kn.H.1 (CO-1) F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ Cu C\w IqWpIÄ XqshÅ \ndapÅXpw arZpXzapÅXpamWv.  Cu C\w IrjnsN¿pt¼mÄ 15-17 Znhk§fn hnfhv In«n¯pS§pw.  hnfshSp¸nsâ Imcy¯n Cu C\w tkmPÀ ImPphnt\msSm¸w \n¡p¶p.  

• ¹qtdm«kv P\mÀ

        \à arZpXzhpw I\hpapÅ Cu IqWpIÄ¡v shfp¯ \ndamWv. Irjn¡pÅ Imebfhv aän\§sf At]£n¨v hfsc IpdhmWv F¶Xv CXnsâsbmcp \à KpWamWv.  10-12 ZnhkamIpt¼mÄ hnfhv In«n¯pS§pw. Hcp XS¯n \n¶pw GItZiw Hcp Intem{Kmw hnfhv In«pw.  

• ¹qtdm«kv Hmbv{Stbäkv

       hfsc  XWp¯ ImehØ CjvSs¸Sp¶ Cu IqWn\w ssltd©v {]tZi¯n\v ]änbbn\amWv. Nmc\ndw IeÀ¶ hbeäv \ndapÅ C¯cw Iq¬ Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ hnfshSp¸v XpS§m³ 18-20 ZnhksaSp¡pw.  km[mcW ImemhØbn hfsc¡pd¨v hnfhp am{Xta Cu C\¯n \n¶pw In«pIbpÅp.

• ¹qtdm«kv ^vfm_tÃäkv

        \à shfp¯ \ndapÅ Cu C\w IqWpIfn \n¶v hnfhp In«m³ 16þ18 Znhkw thWvSn hcpw.  XmcXtay\ hnfhp Ipdª Cu C\¯n \n¶pw 400-500 {Kmw hsc Iq¬ Hcp XS¯n \n¶pw In«p¶XmWv.  

• ¹qtdm«kv ¹män¸kv

        \à shfp¯ \ndhpw arZpXzhpw kmam\yw I«ntbdnbXpamWv Cubn\w Iq¬. Hcp XS¯n \n¶pw 500-600 {Kmw hsc hnfhv In«p¶ Cu C\w Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ hnfshSp¡phm³ 12-14 Znhkw thWvSn hcpw.  

• ¹qtdm«kv Cbkv.

        ]n¦v \ndapÅXpw \à hep¸apÅXpw I\tadnbXpamb Cu IqWn\w F.]n.sI-1 (APK-1) F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p.  CXn\v aäv Nn¸n¡q¬ C\§tf¡mÄ \mcv IqSpXembXp sImWvSv Ffp¸¯n No¯bmIpIbnÃ. km[mcW apdnbnse Dujvamhn cWvSp aq¶p Znhkw hsc tISpIqSmsX kq£n¡pIbpw sN¿mw. 12-13 Znhk§fn hnfshSp¸p \S¯mw. 750-850 {Kmw IqWpIÄ hsc Hcp XS¯n \n¶v e`n¡pw.  

• ¹qtdm«kv ^vtfmdnU

        \à hep¸hpw arZpXzhpw shfp¯ \ndapÅhbpamWv C¯cw IqWpIÄ. aäp IqWn\§sf At]£n¨v \à XWp¯ ImemhØbmWv Cu IqWpIÄ¡njvSw. Cu C\w Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ hnfshSp¸v XpS§m³ 18-20 Znhkw thWw. Hcp XS¯n \n¶pw 750-900 {Kmw  hsc hnfhv e`n¡pw.  

• A\´³

        CXv Hcp k¦cbn\w IqWmWv. tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebn \n¶v Dcn¯ncns¨Sp¯ Cu C\¯n\v t^mdnUpIÄ, hWvSpIÄ F¶o IoS§Ä¡pw ss{St¡mÀa tcmK¯n\pw {]Xntcm[ iànbpWvSv.  shfp¯ \ndapÅ Cu C\w IqWpIÄ Npcp§nb Imebfhn (10-11 Znhkw) hnfhv e`n¡p¶XmWv.  

           ta¸dª C\§fn tkmPÀ ImPp, (Fw-2), kn{Snt\mss]entbäkv (kn.H-1), Cbkv (F.]n.sI-1), ^vtfmdnU, A\´³ F¶o C\§fmWv Ct¸mÄ tIcf¯nepw Z£ntW´ybnepw hmWnPymSnØm\¯n Irjn¡mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ImÀjnI hnfIsft¸mse Iq¬ Irjnbnepw hnhn[bn\§Ä Irjn sN¿p¶Xv hnfhv Iq«p¶Xn\pw tcmK, IoS _m[ Ipdbv¡p¶Xn\pw klmbn¡pw.  

6.Iq¬ imebpsS \nÀ½mWw.

         Iq¬ Irjnbn \Ãhnfhv In«p¶Xn\v, Ipdª kqcy{]Imihpw Ipdª NqSpw \à CuÀ¸apÅ A´co£hpw \à hmbpk©mchpw BhiyapfmWv. KmÀlnImhiy ¯n\p am{Xw Iq¬Irjn sN¿pIbmsW¦n s_ÍpIÄ X¿mdm¡n t\cn«v kqcy{]Imiw ]Xn¡m¯, hoSnsâ hcm´bntem atäm kq£n¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶m hymhkmbnImSnØm\¯n Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ AXn\mbn Hcp Iq¬ ime (Mushroom  Shed) DWvSmt¡WvSXv BhiyamWv. CXv Iq¬ hfÀ¨bv¡v Bhiyamb NqSpw A´co£ CuÀ¸hpw \nb{´n¡phm³ klmbn¡pw.                                       

IqWnsâ hfÀ¨sb ASnØm\am¡n Iq¬ Irjnsb cWvSv L«ambn Xncn¡mw.

1. ImbnI hfÀ¨m L«w (Spawn running stage)

2. Iq¬ DXv]mZ\ L«w (Cropping stage)

           Cu cWvSv  L«¯n\pw Bhiyamb NqSpw A´co£ CuÀ¸hpw hyXykvXamIbm Iq¬ imebn cWvSv apdnIÄ thWw. Hcp apdn ImbnI hfÀ¨m apdn AYhm kvt]m¬ d®nwKv dqw (Spawn running room) asämcp Iq¬ DXv]mZ\ apdn AYhm hnfshSp¸p apdn.  AYhm t{Im¸nwKv dqw (Cropping room). Øew IqSpX DsWvS¦n cWvSmw hnfshSp¸p apdnbpw  `mKoIambn tISph¶ s_ÍpIÄ kq£n¡phm³ Hcp knIv apdnbpw (Sick room) DÅXv \ÃXmWv.  

• Øew XncnsªSp¡Â  

        t\cn«p kpcy{]Imiw G¡m¯ Øew XncsªSp¯m imebnse NqSv hfscb[nIw Ipdbv¡phm³ km[n¡pw. AXpt]mse imeIÄ Ing¡p ]Snªmdmbn ]Wnbp¶Xp NqSp Ipdbv¡phm³ klmbn¡pw.  Imens¯mgp¯pIÄ, It¼mÌp IpgnIÄ XpS§nbhbpsS ASp¯mbn imeIÄ \nÀ½n¡cpXv. ip² Pe¯nt\sd e`yXbpw IW¡nseSp¡Ww.  

• imebpsS hnkvXoÀ®w  

        icmicn {]XnZn\ DÂ]mZ\s¯ ASnØm\am¡n imeIÄ¡p hep¸w \nÝbn¡mw.  {]XnZn\ DÂ]mZ\w ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ imebpsS hnkvXoÀ®w Xmsg sImSp¯n«pWvSv. 

{]Xo£n¡p¶ {]XnZn\ DÂ]mZ\w (Kg)			hnkvXoÀ®w.
			kvt]m¬ d®nKv apdn ( m2 )		t{Im¸nwKv apdn (m2)
1 5 20			4*2 =8 13.5*8 = 40.5 27*6 = 162		4*2 = 8 13.5*3 =40.5 27*6 = 162

         ssltd©v t]mse XWp¯ ImemhØ DÅ Øe§fn C{Xbpw hnkvXoÀ®apÅ Iq¬ imeIfn Cc«nbne[nIw Iq¬ hoXw {]XnZn\w D¸mZn¸n¡phm³ km[n¡pw.  

• ime \nÀ½mWw.

       Gähpw Ipdª apX apS¡n CuSp \n¡p¶ Iq¬ imeIÄ \nÀ½n¡phm³ {ian¡Ww. CXn\mbn AXmXp Øes¯ ImemhØbv¡\pkcn¨v ta¡qc DWvSm¡phm\mbn sXt§me, ]\tbme, ]pctabp¶ ]pÃv, Bkvt^mÄ«nIv joäv (Asfoltic Sheet) F¶nh D]tbmKn¡mw. Bkv_tÌmkv, tIm¬{Ioäv apXembh ta¡qcbmbn D]tbmKn¨m Iq¬ imebv¡qÅn NqSp IqSpXembn A\p`hs¸Spw. AXn\m NqSp Ipdhmb ssltd©p t]mepÅ {]tZi§fn am{Xta C¯cw ta¡qc D]tbmKn¡mhq.

        Xd\nc¸n \n¶pw 60 sk.an Dbc¯n Hä CjvSnI I\¯n Ac`n¯n sI«Ww.  AXn\p apIfn 2 aoäÀ Dbc¯n XqWpIÄ \m«n Hme sImtWvSm atäm sI«Ww. CXp NqSp {IaoIcn¡phmhpw, kqcy {]Imiw XSbphm\pw hmbp k©mcw In«phm\pw klmbn¡pw. Ac `n¯nbpsS apIfn s{^bnapIÄ \m«n Ccp¼p he ]nSn¸n¨v AXnsâ Npäpw HmesI«n ad¨m Fen XpS§nb PohnIfpsS ieyw Hgnhm¡m³ klmbn¡pw.  ta¡qcbv¡v Dt±iw \mepaoäÀ Dbcw thWw.  AXn\p Xmsg Hcp hymP¡qcbpw (^mÄkv koenwKv) DWvSm¡nbm Dujvamhv {IaoIcn¡p¶Xv Ffp¸amWv.  NqSp {IaoIcn¡p¶Xn\p imebpsS ta¡qcbv¡p HmebmWv \ÃXv. F¶m \à ag In«p¶ Øe§fn Hme ta¨nensâ \ne\n¸v IpdhmbXn\m Bkvt^mÄ«n¡v joäv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv \ÃXmWv. imebv¡pÅn {]thin¡p¶Xn\mbn 2x0.75 aoäÀ hep¸¯n hmXnepWvSm¡Ww.

       Iq¬ imebpsS `n¯n CjvSnI sImWvSp sI«nSXmsW¦n \à hmbp k©mc¯n\mbn apdnbpsS hep¸a\pkcn¨v FXnÀ ZniIfn shânteädpIfpw/ P\meIfpw (0.6x0.3 m) FkvIvtlmÌv ^m\pIfpw ]nSn¸n¡Ww. Hcp apdn¡v Gähpw IpdªXv cWvSv ^m\pIÄ BImw.  Hcp ^m³ `n¯nbn 7þ8 ASn Dbc¯nepw, thsdmsc®w `n¯nbn aq¶Sn Dbc¯nepw apdn¡pÅnte¡v hmbp IS¡¯¡h®w Xncn¨v ]nSn¸n¡Ww.

       Iq¬ imeIfpsS Xdbn 10 sk.an. L\¯n BäpaW hncn¨v \\¨p sImSp ¡p¶Xv apdnIfn CuÀ¸w \ne\nÀ¯m\pw NqSpIpdbv¡m\pw klmbn¡pw. knaâv sNbvX XdbmsW¦n apdnbn aq¶v sk.ao. L\¯n shÅw sI«n\nÀ¯nbpw CuÀ¸w \ne \nÀ¯mw.

        Iq¬ imebpsS kvt]m¬d®nwKv apdnbn kqcy{]Imiw H«pwXs¶ BhiyanÃ. F¶m Cu apdnbn \à hmbpk©mcw BhiyamWv.  t{Im¸nwKv apdnbnepw t\cn«p kqcy{]Imiw ]Xn¡m³ ]mSnÃ.  IqSpX kqcy{]Imiw Gäm IqWpIÄ¡p \ndamäw DWvSmIpw. shfp¯ \ndapÅ IqWpIÄ Cfw Nmc\ndhpw, Cfw Nmc\ndapÅ IqWpIÄ ISpwNmc\ndhpamIpw.  F¶m Ah `£n¡p¶XpsImWvSv bmsXmcptZmjhpw CÃ.

       t{Im¸nwKv apdnbn IqSpXÄ hmbpk©mcw thWw.  Hchkc¯nepw ImÀ_¬ ssU HmIvsskUnsâ km{µX 30 iXam\¯n IqSmXncn¡m³ {i²n¡Ww.  IqSnbm AXv Iq¬ Dev]mZ\s¯ kmcambn _m[n¡pw.  CXv Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\p thWvSn hmbp k©mcw Dd¸m¡Ww.  kvt]m¬ hfÀ¨m apdntb¡mÄ NqSp IpdhpÅhbmbncn¡Ww Dev]mZ\apdn.

        _lp\ne X«pIfpÅ sjÂ^pIÄ DWvSm¡n Iq¬s_ÍpIÄ AXn ASp¡n shbv¡p¶Xv Øew em`n¡m³ klmbn¡pw.  XSnsImWvSpÅ sjÂ^pIfmsW¦n s]bnâp sNbvXncn¡Ww Asæn s_ÍpIÄ \\bv¡pt¼mÄ shÅw hoWv XSn s]s«¶v {Zhn¨pt]mIpw.

       sjÂ^pIÄ¡p ]Icambn sNehp Ipdª thsdmcp amÀ¤hpw sN¿mw.  XSnsImtWvSm I\znsImtWvSm DÅ XqWpIÄ Xdbn Ipgn¨n«v cWvSv XqWn\p IpdpsI thsdmcp XSntbm I¼ntbm ]nSn¸n¨v AXn sNdnb sImfp¯pIÄ 60 sk.ao. AIe¯n ]nSn¸n¨v s_ÍpIÄ AXn Xq¡nbnSmw. IpdpsI ]nSn¸n¨m XSnIÄ/I¼nIÄ cWvSv X«pIfmbn 1 aoäÀ CSshfnbn ]nSn¸n¨m IqSpX s_ÍpIÄ Xq¡nbnSm³ km[n¡pw Cu coXnbn sNehp Ipdbp¶tXmsSm¸w \à hmbpk©mcw In«pw.  

7.Irjn coXnIÄ

• am[yaw

Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn¡v km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn¨v hcp¶ am[yaw ssht¡memWv.  F¶m skÃptemkpw, enán\pw IqSpX AS§nbncn¡p¶ aäp am[ya§fpw Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn¡v thWvSn D]tbmKn¡mw.  aäpIrjnIfn \n¶p e`n¡p¶ D]hkvXp¡fmb Icp¼n³ NWvSn, IapIn³ ]mf, DW§nb ASbv¡mt¯mSv, sX§nsâ sImXp¼v, sX§n³ IpebpsS AhinjvS§Ä, Hme, aSÂ, sIS¨nÂ, ssIXbpsS DW§nb CeIÄ ]pÃv, DW§nb CeIÄ ]pÃv, DWn§nb hmg¯S, Ad¡s¸mSn, F®¸\bpsS NWvSn apXembh Iq¬ Irjn¡v D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶m IqSpXembn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv ssht¡m BWv.

        \à BZmbIcamb hnfhv e`n¡p¶Xn\p \à ssht¡m thWw  D]tbmKn ¡phm³. Hcp hÀj¯n IqSpX ]g¡apÅ ssht¡m D]tbmKn¡cpXv, kzÀ® \ndapÅ ssht¡m (Golden yellow Coloured straw) D]tbmKn¨m IqSpX hnfhv e`n¡pw.  

• Iq¬hn¯v.

       Iq¬ Irjn¡mhiyamb hn¯v 'kvt]m¬' (Spawn) F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶p.  imkv{Xob coXnbn {]tXyIw X¿mdm¡nb [m\y§Ä am[yaambn D]tbmKn¨v Ip¸nIfntem ]mbv¡äpIfntem hfÀ¯nsbSp¯ IqWnsâ X´p¡fmWv kvt]m¬ F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.  

• AWp\ioIcWw

BZyambn Iq¬ Irjn¡v D]tbmKn¡p¶ ssht¡m AWp\ioIcWw sN¿Ww.  CXv cWvSp coXnbn sN¿mhp¶XmWv. 

1.  Bhnbn ]pgp§n AWp \ioIcWw sN¿Â (Steam Sterilization). 

2. cmkhkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨v AWp \ioIcWw sN¿Â (Chemcial Sterilization)  

1. Bhnbn ]pgp§n AWp\ioIcWw sN¿Â

        ssht¡m 12-16 aWn¡qÀ kabw shůn \ÃXmbn IpXnÀ¡m³ hbv¡Ww.  ssht¡m 5-10 sk.aoäÀ \of¯n sNdnb IjW§fmbn apdns¨Sp¯pw IpXnÀ¡m³  hbv¡mw.  IpXnÀ¡p¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶ shÅw ip²ambncn¡Ww. shůn\v A¾XzapsWvS¦n HcpenäÀ shůn 5-8 {Kmw hsc Ip½mbw tNÀ¡mhp¶XmWv.  ssht¡m shůn IpXnÀ¯Xn\ptijw 45 an\näv kabw Xnfbv¡p¶ shůntem Bhnbv¡p sht¨m ]pgp§nsbSp¡Ww. Bhnbn ]pgp§nsbSp¡p¶Xn\mbn Hcp ]m{X¯n Aev]w shÅsaSp¯v AXn \mtem At©m Nnc«Itfm aq¶p\men©p L\apÅ XSn¡«Itfm CSWw. AXn\papIfnembn shůn IpXnÀ¯ ssht¡m sh¨v ]n¶oSv NqSm¡Ww.  Bhn hcphm³ XpS§pt¼mÄ ]m{Xw \¶mbn aqSn hbv¡Ww.  C§s\ 45 an\näv kabw ssht¡m ]pgp§Ww. ]pgp§nb ssht¡m ]pds¯Sp¯v A[nIPew hmÀ¶p t]mIp¶Xn\p XWp¡p¶Xn\pw hbv¡Ww.  

• s_Ív X¿mdm¡Â.

        t]mfn¯o³ Ihdn ssht¡mepw Iq¬hn¯pw H¶nShn«v \nd¨v X¿mdm¡nsbSp¡p¶XmWv s_Uv F¶t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. s_Íp X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\v 60 sk.ao. \ofhpw 35 sk.ao hoXnbpw 150-200 tKPv I«nbpapÅ t]mfn¯o³ IhdpItfm Syq_pItfm BWv km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. C{Xbpw hep¸apÅ Hcp Ihdn IrjnsN¿p¶Xn\mbn GItZiw Hcp Intem{Kmw DW§nb ssht¡mepw Ac¡p¸n/ ]mbv¡äv (125 {Kmw) Iq¬ hn¯pw BhiyamWv.

        s_Ív X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\p ap³]v CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶ FÃm km[\§fpw ssIIfpw sUtämÄ D]tbmKn¨v IgpIWw. Ip¸nbntem ]mbv¡äntem Ccn¡p¶ Iq¬ hn¯pIsf ]pds¯Sp¯v ]IÀ¯nbnSm\mbn Hcp t{Sbpw I\w Ipdª I¼nbpw, sUtämtfm kv]ncntäm D]tbmKn¨v IgpInsbSp¡Ww. hn¯v Ip¸nbnencp¶v ]pds¯Sp¡pt¼mÄ, I«n ]nSn¨n«pWvsS¦nÂ, ssIsImWvSv s]mSn¨v D]tbmKn¡Ww.

        s_Ív X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\v AWp \ioIcWw sNbvX ssht¡m apdn¨v IjW§fmbnt«m 15 sk.ao. hymkapÅ sNdnb Np½mSpIfm¡nb A«nbmtbm t]mfn¯n³ Ihdn 5 sk.ao L\¯n \ndbv¡Ww. AXn GItZiw 10-15 {Kmw (Hcp ]nSn) Iq¬ hn¯v ssht¡men\p apIfn hr¯mIrXnbn t]mfn¯o³ Ihdnsâ AcnIneqsS CSWw. hoWvSpw ssht¡m \ndbv¡pIbpw hn¯v CSpIbpw sN¿Ww. ssht¡m \ndbv¡pt¼mÄ CSbv¡v hnShnÃmsX ssI sImWvSv s_ÍpIÄ \ÃXpt]mse AaÀ¯n sImSp¯v Hmtcm A«nbpw \ndbv¡Ww. C§s\ Ahkm\s¯ A«n \nd¨tijw Iq¬ hn¯n«v t]mfn¯o³ Ihdnsâ Xpd¶ `mKw aqSn \q sImWvSv \¶mbn sI«n Iq¬ imebnepÅ ImbnI hfÀ¨mapdnbn Xq¡nbnSWw.  

• Ad¡s¸mSn D]tbmKn¨v s_Ív X¿mdm¡Â

        ]eXcw ac§fpsS Ad¡s¸mSnbn Iq¬ Irjn sN¿mw. F¶mepw d_À XSnbpsS Ad¡s¸mSnbmWv Gähpw tbmPn¨Xv.  ssht¡m ]mIs¸Sp¯nsbSp¡p¶Xpt]mse Ad¡s¸mSnbpw ]mIs¸Sp¯nsbSp¯v Iq¬Irjnbmbn D]tbmKn¡Ww.

        Ad¡s¸mSn BZyw 36-48 aWn¡qÀ kabw sshůn IpXnÀ¯ph¨v ]n¶oSv shÅw DuänIfªXn\ptijw I«nbpÅ XqWnbntem, Nm¡ntem Ingnbm¡n sI«nsbSp¯v 45 an\näv kabw Bhnbn h¨v ]pgp§nsbSp¯v AWp\ioIcWw sN¿Ww. cmk hkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨v AWp\ioIcWw sN¿phm³ Ingn sI«nb Ad¡s¸mSn cmkemb\nbn 24-36 aWn¡qÀ kabw IpXnÀ¯p hbv¡Ww.

        C§s\ AWp \ioIcWw sNbvX Ad¡s¸mSn Ingnbgn¨v 60 iXam\w CuÀ¸w BIp¶Xphsc DW¡nsbSp¡Ww. CXn ImÂkyw IÀ_tWäv (tNm¡ps]mSn) 20 {Kmw, Hcp Intem{Kmw Ad¡s¸mSnbn F¶ Afhn IeÀ¯n s_Íp X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKn¡mw.

        FÃm¯cw Nn¸n¡q¬ C\§fpw Ad¡s¸mSnbn em`Icambn IrjnsN¿phm³ km[n¡pIbnÃ. ^vtfmdnUm, ko. Hm-1 F¶nhbmWv Ad¡s¸mSn IrjnsN¿phm³ ]änb C\§Ä.

• hmg¯S am[ya¯n s_Ív X¿mdm¡Â

       ssht¡m t]mse Xs¶, Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn¡v am[yaambn, hmg¯Sbpw D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. hmg¯S sNdnb IjW§fmbn apdn¨v \Ãh®w DW¡nsbSp¡Ww. Cu IjW§Ä shůnen«v 45 an\näv kabw Xnf¸n¨v AWp\ioIcWw sNbvXp s_Ív X¿mdm¡m\mbn D]tbmKn¡mw.  

• IqWnsâ hfÀ¨mL«§Ä

      s_Ív X¿mdm¡nbXpapX hnfshSp¸p hsc IqWnsâ hfÀ¨sb cWvSv L«§fmbn Xncn¡mw.

1.  ImbnIhfÀ¨mL«w (Spawn Running Stage) 

2. Iq¬ Dev]mZ\L«w AYhm hnfshSp¸pL«w (Cropping Stage).  

1.ImbnIhfÀ¨m L«w

      IqWnsâ shÅ \nd¯nepÅ X´p¡Ä (Mycelium) ssht¡men (am[ya¯nÂ) ]SÀ¶p hfcp¶Xns\bmWv ImbnI hfÀ¨ AYhm kvt]m¬ d®nwKv F¶p]dbp¶Xv. kvt]m¬ d®nwKv ]qÀ¯nbmIp¶Xn\v 12-18 Znhk§Ä thWvSn hcpw. F¶m CXv, D]tbmKn¡p¶ IqWn\w kvt]m¬knsâ aq¸v, ssht¡mensâ KpWw, ssht¡mense CuÀ¸w, apdnbnse NqSv, A´co£¯nse CuÀ¸w F¶ ]e LSI§sf B{ibn¨ncn¡pw.  

2. Iq¬ Dev]mZ\/hnfshSp¸v L«w

      kvt]m¬ d®nwKv ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXn\ptijapÅ L«s¯bmWv Iq¬ Dev]mZ\ L«w AYhm hnfshSp¸p L«w F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. kvt]m¬ d®nwKv ]qÀ¯nbmbm s_ÍpIfn t]mfn¯o³ IhÀ \o¡w sNbvXp Dev]mZ\ apdnbntem«v amäWw. IhÀ amänb ASp¯ Znhkw apX ImemhØ A\pkcn¨v Znhkhpw Ht¶m ctWvSm XhW t\cnb tXmXn s_ÍpIfn sNdnb CuÀ¸w \ne\n¡¯¡ coXnbn anXambn \\bv¡Ww. ag¡me¯v cWvSp Znhk¯n Hcn¡Â hoXw \\¨m aXnbmIpw. Hcp ImcWhimepw s_ÍpIfn A[nIw CuÀ¸w DWvSmIphm³ ]mSnÃ. A[nIw CuÀ¸w DWvSmbm InfnÀ¯p hcp¶ IqWpIfpsS IS`mK¯v shÅw sI«n\n¶v _mIvSocnb _m[n¨v Ah AgpInt]mIphm³  km[yXbpWvSv. IqSmsX IqSpX CuÀ¸w, Nne kmlNcy§fnÂ, IqWn\v Cfw aª\ndw DWvSmIp¶Xn\pw  kq£n¨phbv¡m\pÅ Ignhv (Kriping Quality) Ipdbv¡p¶Xn\pw Ffp¸w tISmIp¶Xn\pw ImcWamIpw. AXpt]mse s_Ín Bhiy¯n\v CuÀ¸ansæn DWvSmIp¶ sam«pIÄ Icnªv DW§nt¸mIp¶Xn\pw hnfhv Imcyambn Iqdbp¶Xn\pw ImcWamIpw. AXmbXv t{Im¸nwKv apdnbnepw s_ÍpIfnepw Bhiy¯n\pam{Xw Ft¸mgpw CuÀ¸w DWvSmbncn¡Ww. AtXmsSm¸w Cu kab¯v apdnIfn \à hmbp k©mchpw thWw. C§s\ kq£n¨m 2-4 Znhk§fn s_Ínsâ \mep hi§fn \n¶pw IqWnsâ apIpf§Ä {]Xy£s¸Spw. ASp¯ Znhkw sam«pIÄ hfÀ¶v hepXmIpw. At¸mÄ hnfshSp¸v \S¯mw. hnfshSp¡pt¼mÄ XWvSnsâ ASn`mKw icnbmbn apdns¨Sp¡phm³ {i²n¡Ww. hnfshSp¯ tijw  hoWvSpw shÅw kvt{] sNbvXv s_ÍpIÄ kq£n¡pIbmsW¦n HcmgvNIgnªv cWvSmw hnfshSp¸pw hoWvSpw HcmgvNIgnªv  aq¶mw hnfshSp¸pw \S¯mhp¶XmWv.

        aq¶mw hnfshSp¸n\ptijw s_ÍpIfpsS {]Xew 2 sk.ao. L\¯n \à aqÀ¨bpÅ I¯n D]tbmKn¨v sN¯n amän hoWvSpw \\ XpSÀ¶m Ipd¨v hnfhv IqSn e`n¡pw.

        ssht¡men Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ Nne {][m\bn\w Nn¸n¡qWpIfpsS hnfshSp¸p kabw ]«nI 6- sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

]«nI 6. hnhn[ Nn¸n¡q¬ C\§fpsS hnfshSp¸p kabw

{Ia \¼À	Iq¬ C\w	kvt]m¬ d®nwKv kabw (Znhkw)	hnfshSp¸p kabw (Znhkw)
			H¶mw  hnfshSp¸v	cWvSmw hnfshSp¸v	aq¶mw hnfshSp¸v
1.	tkmPÀ ImPp	14-20	18-25	25--35	35-45
2.	kn.H.1	10-16	16--22	22-30	30-40
3.	^vtfmdnUm	14-20	18-26	26-35	35-50

         Ad¡s¸mSnbn Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ ^vtfmdnU, kn.Hm-1 F¶o C\§Ä BZys¯ hnfshSp¸n\v 20-30 Znhk§Ä FSp¡pw. AXpt]mse Hcp s_Ín \n¶pw cWvSp aq¶v amkw hsc CShn«nShn« IqWpWvSmbn s¡mWvSncn¡pw. hnfshSp¸nsâ Imcy¯n ssht¡men \n¶v e`n¡p¶ AtXbfhv hnfhpw e`n¡pw.  

• hnfshSp¸v

       IqWnsâ sam«pIÄ \ÃXmbn hnSÀ¶p hcpt¼mÄ hnfshSp¸v \S¯Ww. AXmbXv IqWn \n¶v kvt]mdpIÄ ]pIt]mse ]d¶pt]mIp¶Xn\p ap¼mbn hnfshSp¡Ww. hnfshSp¡pt¼mÄ ASn`mK¯pÅ XtWvSmSp tNÀ¯v ]dns¨Sp¡phm³ {i²n¡Ww. Asæn s_Ín Ahtijn¡p¶ IqWnsâ NphSp `mKw AgpIn _mIvSocnbaqeapÅ AWp_m[ DWvSmIp¶Xn\p ImcWamIpw. ssIsImWvSv IqWpIsf ]dns¨Sp¯Xn\ptijw NphSp`mK¯v ]än¸nSn¨ncn¡p¶ ssht¡mepw aäpw I¯nsImWvSv apdn¨p amän \o¡n IfbWw. AXn\ptijw 150-200 {Kmw hoXw sNdnb t]mfn¯o³ IhdpIfnem¡n \¶mbn ko sNbvXv hn¸\ \S¯mw.

        km[mcW A´co£ Dujvamhn Hcp Znhkw hscbpw, {^nUvPn 4-5 Znhkw hscbpw {^okdn  ( 0^oc-Â) 2-3 BgvNhscbpw tISpIqSmsX kq£n¨p shbv¡mw.

hnfshSp¸p ]qÀ¯nbmb s_ÍpIfpsS D]tbmKw

        Iq¬ hnfshSp¸p Ignªv Ahtijn¡p¶ s_ÍpIÄ ]cnkc¯v InS¶m AXv ]eXcw IoS§fpw, tcmKmWp¡fpw hfÀ¶p hÀ²n¡m\pÅ ØeamIpw. CXn\m hnfshSp¸n\p tijw s_ÍpIsf F{Xbpw thKw amäp¶Xv \ÃXmWv. Cu s_ÍpIÄ \à KpWapÅ ssPhhfamb a®nc¡t¼mÌv DWvSm¡phm³ D]tbmKn¡mw.  

9. Iq¬IrjnbpsS km¼¯nIhi§Ä

         Hcp sNdpInS ImÀjnI hyhkmbsa¶ \nebn Hcp Znhkw ]¯p Intem{Kmw hoXw Nn¸n¡q¬ Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ Hcp bqWnän\v thWvSn hcp¶ hchv sNehv IW¡pIÄ Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. Hcp hÀj¯n ap¶qdp Znhk§Ä IqWpev]mZn¸n¡mw F¶mWv ChnsS IW¡m¡nbncn¡p¶Xv.

A. aqe[\ apXÂ apS¡v

1.  Iq¬ime \nÀ½mWw (Fähpw Ipdª apX apS¡n AXmXp Øe¯p e`yamb km[\§Ä D]tbmKn¨v)	15,000.00
2. ssht¡m IpXnÀ¡m\pw, Xnf¸n¡m\pw thWvS ]m{X§Ä	2,000.00
3. kvs{]bÀ, _¡äv, I¼nhe apXembh	1,000.00
BsI	18,000.00

aqe[\apXÂapS¡n\v 12% hmÀjnI ]eni         2,160.00

sam¯w  (A)                                           20,160.00

 B. {]hÀ¯\ aqe[\w

1.   ssht¡m (6000 kg)	10,500.00
2.   Iq¬ hn¯v (3000 Ip¸n)	36,000.00
3.   t]mfn¯o³ IhÀ (80 kg)	6,000.00
4.   AWp \ioIcWw sN¿phm³ CÔ\ sNehv	4,000.00
5.   IoS\min\n, IpanÄ \min\n	500.00
6.   Iqen	9,000.00
7.   CXc sNehpIÄ	500.00
8.   hnev]\ sNehpIÄ	1,000.00
BsI	67,500.00

{]hÀ¯\ apX apS¡n\p 18% hmÀjnI ]eni  (3 amk¯n\v)       3,038.00

sam¯w  (B)                                                    70,538.00

 sam¯w Dev]mZ\ sNehpIÄ (A+B)                                 90,698.00  

 C.      hmÀjnI AämZmbw

1.   Iq¬ hnäp hchv 3000 In.{Kmw @ Rs.60/kg	1,80,000.00
2.   Dev]mZ\ sNehpIÄ	90,698.00
hmÀjnI AämZmbw	89,698.00

(* Hcp s_Ín \n¶p 600-1000 {Kmw hsc hnfhv e`n¡psa¦nepw Ipdª hnfhmb 500 {Kmw am{Xta IW¡nseSp¯n«pÅq. AXn\m Hcp Intem{Kmw Iq¬ Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶Xn\v Hcp Ip¸n kvt]m¬ thWvSn hcpw.

        Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjn em`Icambn sN¿mhp¶ Hcp sNdpInS ImÀjnI hyhkmbamWv. Cu Irjn BZmbIcamsW¶v ta¸dª IW¡pIfn \n¶pw hyàamIpw.  

10.  hn¯pev]mZ\w

        Iq¬ Irjn¡mhiyamb hn¯v 'kvt]m¬' F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p.  imkv{Xob coXnbn {]tXyIw X¿mdm¡nb am[ya§Ä Ip¸nIfntem, ]mbv¡äpIfntem \nd¨v AXn IqWnsâ X´p¡Ä hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶XmWv 'kvt]m¬' F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. Iq¬ Irjnbn Fähpw {][m\w ip²amb ap´nb Xcw kvt]m¬ e`yam¡pI F¶XmWv. IqWnsâ Dev]mZ\w  \ÃXcw kvt]mWns\ B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶p.

        Iq¬ hn¯pIÄ It¼mf¯n hn]WnbnepsWvS¦nepw AhbpsS e`yX hfsc IpdhmWv. hymhkmbnI ASnØm\¯n Iq¬ Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ IqSpX Iq¬ hn¯p Ip¸nIÄ/]mbv¡äpIÄ thWvSn hcpw. Ch FÃm kab¯pw e`yamIp¶Xpw, Ahsb hm§n¨v Irjn sN¿p¶ Øe§fnte¡v sImWvSp hcp¶Xpw {]bmkamWv. Hcp Ip¸n/]mbv¡äv hn¯n\v 10-15 cq]bmWv hne. F¶m kz´ambn 6.5 cq] sNehn Dev]mZn¸n¡phm³ km[n¡pw.

        amXr hn¯v (Mother spawn) D]tbmKn¨mWv Iq¬ hn¯v DWvSm¡nsbSp¡p¶Xv. CXv Ip¸nIfn KthjW tI{µ§fn \nt¶m AwKoIrXw DÅ aäv Øm]\§fn \nt¶m hm§n¡mhp¶XmWv Asæn \à BtcmKyapÅ IqWpIfn \n¶v IĨÀ sNbvXpw FSp¡mhp¶XmWv.

        tNmfw, tKmX¼v, s\Ãv apXemb [m\y§fmWv Iq¬ hn¯pev]mZ\¯n\pÅ am[yaambn km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. tNmftam, tKmXt¼m D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Ah 3-4 aWn¡qÀ kabhpw, s\ÃmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶sX¦n 8-12 aWn¡qÀ kabhpw shůn IpXnÀ¯phbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv ]IpXn thhmIp¶Xphsc [m\yw ]qgp§nsbSp¡Ww. Iq¬ hn¯pWvSm¡p¶Xn\mbn [m\yw thhn¡p¶Xnsâ tXmXv hfsc {][m\amWv. [m\y¯nsâ DÄ`mKw \¶mbn«v sh´ncn¡Ww. F¶m s]m«n tNmdmbn«v ]pd¯v hcnIbpacpXv. thhv IqSnt¸mbm BZys¯ \me©v Znhkt¯¡v IqWnsâ X´p¡Ä \¶mbn hfcpsa¦nepw ]n¶oSv hn¯v tISmbnt¸mIp¶Xn\pÅ km[yX hfsc¡qSpXemWv. AtX kabw thhp Ipdªm X´p¡Ä icn¡v hfcpIbpanÃ.

        ]mI¯n\p thhns¨Sp¯ [m\y§Ä XWp¡phm\pw, shÅw hmÀ¶p t]mIphm\pw A\phZn¡Ww. Hcp sNdnb CuÀ¸w [m\y§fn DÅt¸mÄ ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWäv F¶ cmkhkvXp Hcp Intem{Kmw [m\y¯n\v 30-40 {Kmw F¶ tXmXn \¶mbn Cf¡Ww. {]kvXpX[m\yw IgpInbpW¡nb ¥qt¡mkv (I.V) Ip¸nIfn ap¡m `mKw hsc \ndbv¡Ww.

        ¥qt¡mkv Ip¸nIÄ¡p ]Icw t]mfns{]¸en³ IhdpIfpw D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. CXn\mbn 22 x 18 sk.ao. hen¸apÅ IhdpIÄ, Hcp IhÀ asämcp Ihdnem¡n Cc«¡hdmbn D]tbmKn¡p¶XmWv \ÃXv. CXn ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWäpambn tNÀ¯nf¡nb [m\yw ]IpXn`mKw hsc (250 {Kmw) \ndbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Ihdnsâ hmbv`mKw Npcp«n ]n.hn.kn ss]¸v sImWvSpWvSm¡nbXpw 3/4" \ofapÅXpamb Hcp hfb¯neqsS IS¯n hmbv `mKw \nhÀ¯n ]n¶nte¡p aS¡n dºÀ _m³UpsImWvSv apdp¡nsI«Ww. Ct¸mÄ IhdpIÄ¡v Ip¸nbptSXpt]mse hmbv DWvSmbncn¡pw.

        ]n¶oSv ]ªn sImWvSv AS¸pWvSm¡n Ip¸n/IhdpIÄ apds¡ ASbv¡Ww. AWp\ioIcW¯n\p tijw Bt«mt¢hv XWp¡pt¼mÄ \ocmhn XWp¯v ]ªn \\bmXncn¡m³ ]ªn  AS¸n\p apIfn ISemkv/t]mfn¯o³ joäv IhÀ sNbvXp dºÀ_mâv C«v sI«Ww. CXv Bt«mt¢hn (15 ]uWvSv (PSC) ) h¨v cWvSpaWn¡qÀ kabw AWp\ioIcWw sN¿Ww. AWp\ioIcWw sN¿p¶Xn\v Bt«mt¢hn\p]Icambn  {]jÀIp¡dpw D]tbmKn¡mw.

        Ip¡dn FItZiw cWvSn©p Dbc¯n shÅsaSp¯v AXn Hcp Xt«m Asæn Ip¡dn Cd§m³ hep¸apÅXpw cWvScbn©v DbcapÅXpamb Hcp ]m{Xw Ip¡dn Iagv¯nhbv¡Ww. ]m{X¯nsâ \nc¸v, shůnsâ  \nc¸nt\¡mÄ Aev]w s]m§nbncn¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Ip¡dn Iagv¯nh¨ ]m{X¯n\p apIfn [m\yw \nd¨ Ip¸nIÄ/IhdpIÄ ASp¡nhbv¡Ww. Ip¡À AS¨v ASp¸n sh¨v NqSm¡Ww. iànbmbn Bhnhcm³ XpS§pt¼mÄ shbväv CSWw. BZys¯ hnkneSn i_vZw tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ Xo Ipd¨v Ip¡À cWvSp aWn¡qÀ kabw ASp¸n Xs¶ hbv¡Ww. AXn\ptijw ASp¸n \n¶pw hm§n A©p apX ]¯p an\näv kabw XWp¡phm\\phZn¡Ww. AXpIgnªv Ip¡À Xpd¶v Ip¸nIÄ/IhdpIÄ ]pds¯Sp¯v XWp¡phm³ hbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv amXrhn¯v Cu Ip¸nIfn \nt£]n¡Ww.

        C§s\ sN¿p¶Xv eman\mÀ ^vtfm tN¼dntem, C\m¡ptej³ sN¼dntem Hcp _ÀWÀ Asæn kv]ncnäv em¼v I¯n¨v AXn\Sp¯psh¨mbncn¡Ww. amXrhn¯p Ip¸n¡pÅn I«]nSn¨ncp¶m AXv AWp\ioIcWw sNbvX I¼n sImWvSv Cf¡n ]n¶oSv  Aev]w amXrhn¯v Hmtcm Ip¸n/IhdpIfnepw  CSWw. DS³ Xs¶ Ch  AS¨psh¨ncp¶ ]ªn AS¸psImWvSv Xncn¨v ASbv¡Ww. Hcp Ip¸n amXrhn¯v FItZiw Ccp¶qdv Ip¸nIfn ]IÀ¯mhp¶XmWv. ]IÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn Hcn¡Â amXrhn¯nsâ Ip¸n Xpd¶m AXnepÅ hn¯v apgph\pw DS³Xs¶ ]IÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKn¡Ww. an¨w h¶m AXv Iq¬ Irjn¡v s_ÍpWvSm¡m\mbn D]tbmKn¡mw. AXns\ thsdmcpZnhkw ]IÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKn¡cpXv.

        C{]Imcw ]IÀ¯nsbSp¯ hn¯v Ip¸nIÄ km[mcW apdnbnse Dujvamhn kq£n¡Ww. CXv 10-20 Znhk¯n\pÅn ]qÀ®hfÀ¨bnse¯nbm Iq¬ Irjn¡mbn D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv.  

• hn¯pev]mZ\¯nsâ km¼¯nIhiw

A.     aqe[\ apXÂ apS¡v.

1.    {]jÀIp¡À (22 lit)	3000.00
2.    IĨÀapdn (\nehnepÅ kmlNcyw sa¨s¸Sp¯Â)	1000.00
3.    bp hn em_v	1500.00
4.    C\m¡ptej³ tN¼À	2000.00
5.    Kymkv IW£³ AUzm³kv	750.00
6.    Kymkv ASp¸v	1500.00
7.    _q¬k³ _ÀWÀ	150.00
BsI	9900.00

 

aqe[\ apXÂ apS¡n\v 12% ]eni                   1188.00

aqe[\ tXbvam\ Ingnhv (20%)                        1980.00  

{]hÀ¯\ apX apS¡v

Kymkv knen³UÀ	1650.00
t]mfn s{]m¸en IhÀ	1000.00
s\Ãv	500.00
]n.hn.kn ss]¸v (3/4 %)	250.00
amXrhn¯v	500.00
cmkhkvXp¡Ä	250.00
Idâv NmÀÖv	500.00
Iqen	6000.00
BsI	15350.00

{]hÀ¯\ apX apS¡n\v

18 % ]eni (3 amkw)	690.00
Dev]mZ\NnehpIÄ
{]hÀ¯\ apX apS¡v	15350.00
{]hÀ¯\ apX apS¡n\p ]eni	690.00
aqe[\ apXÂ apS¡n\p ]eni	1188.00
aqe[\ tXbvam\ Ingnhv	1980.00
BsI	19208.00

        Cu Nnehv 3200 Ihdv kvt]m¬ DWvSm¡phm\pÅ Nnehv BWv. tISpImWp¶ IhdpIÄ amänb tijw 3000 IhÀ \Ã Iq¬ hn¯v e`n¡pw. At¸mÄ Hcp IhÀ hn¯pWvSm¡phm³ sNehv 6.40 cq]bmWv.  

11. Iq¬ kwkv¡cWw

        hymhkmbnImSnØm\¯n Iq¬ Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ AXnsâ kwkv¡cWhpw AXymhiyamWv. hnfshSp¸n\ptijw hfsc thKw tISphcp¶Xn\m F{Xbpw thKw tISpX«msX kq£n¡p¶Xv BhiyamWv. CXn\mbn achn¨p kq£n¡Â (Freezing), DW§n kq£n¡Â (Drying) Xnf¸n¨v DW¡n kq£n¡Â, Sn¶neS¨v kq£n¡Â (Canning) F¶ ]e amÀ¤§Ä DWvSv. Iq¬ A¨mÀ, sI¨¸v, tkmkv apXemb hn`h§fm¡nbpw kq£n¡mw.  hnfshSp¯tijw DS³ Xs¶ Iq¬ D]tbmKn¨v, Iq¬ ISvteäv, Iq¬ Hmwteäv, Iq¬ Ìq, Iq¬ kq¸v, Iq¬ ]pemhv, Iq¬ _Pn apXemb \qdv IW¡n\p hn`h§Ä DWvSm¡mhp¶XmWv.    

• Iq¬ tISpX«msX kq£n¡Â

        Iq¬ achn¨v (0^oC) 2þ4 BgvN hsc tISpIqSmsX kq£n¡mw. DW¡nkq£n¡phm³ hnfshSp¯ Iq¬ cWvSp aq¶p IjW§fm¡n Iodn shbnet¯m {Ubdntem (60-70^oC ) h¨v Pemwiw 3-5 % BIp¶Xphsc \¶mbn DW¡nsbSp¡Ww. C{]Imcw  DW¡nb Iq¬ Bdp amkw hsc kq£n¡mhp¶XmWv. Cu Iq¬ D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Hcp iXam\w D¸p shůntem, ip²Pe¯ntem ap¡nh¨m AXp ]gb cq]¯nemIpw.

        ]¨¡q¬ shůpWnbn s]mXnªv. Xnf¨ shůn \me©p an\näv kabw thhn¨v DSs\ ]¨shůn ap¡n XWp¸n¨p shÅw hmÀ¶pt]mIphm³ A\phZn¨tijw shbnet¯m, {Ubdntem h¨v DW¡nsbSp¯p kq£n¡mw.

        ZoÀLImew kq£n¨phbv¡p¶Xn\mbn Iq¬ Sn¶neS¨p (Canning) hn]W\w \S¯p¶XmWv Fähpw \ÃXv. km[mcWbmbn Im³ sNbvX IqWmWv IbäpaXn¡mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. Im³ sNbvX Iq¬ HcphÀjw hsc tISpIqSmsX kq£n¨phbv¡mw. Im³ sN¿p¶Xn\p \à Cfw {]mb¯nepÅ Iq¬ hr¯nbm¡n ]¨ shůn ap¡nsbSp¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Xnf¡p¶ shůn 3-5 an\näp kabw ap¡n h¨ (Blanching) tijw ]pds¯Sp¯Xv shÅw hmÀ¶pt]mbXn\ptijw  XWp¯ shůn ap¡nsbSp¡Ww. C§s\ X¿mdm¡nb Iq¬ Sn¶n ap¡m `mKw hsc \nd¨v 2 % hoXw D¸v, ]©kmc, 0.3 % kn{Sn¡v BknUv F¶nh tNÀ¯v Acns¨Sp¯ emb\n Xnf¸ns¨Sp¯v Sn¶pIÄ \ndb¯n¡h®w Hgn¡Ww. Sn¶pIÄ AS¨v Xnf¨ shůntem, Bhnbntem Sn¶pIfpsS a²y`mK¯v 80-85 ^oC NqSp In«p¶Xphsc Cd¡nhbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Sn¶pIÄ Hcp koedn h¨v hmbp IS¡m¯ coXnbn ko sNbvXp Bt«mt¢hn 10 ]uWvSv {]jdn 25 an\näv kabw  AWp\ioIcWw sNbvXXn\ptijw  XWp¯ shůn Cd¡nh¨v XWp¸n¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Sn¶pIÄ \¶mbn XpS¨v A\ptbmPyamb kmlNcy¯n kq£n¡mw.  

A¨mÀ, sI¨¸v, tkmkv XpS§nbhbpWvSm¡n kq£n¡Â  

        Iq¬, A¨mÀ, sI¨¸v, tkmkv XpS§nbh DWvSm¡n Hcp hÀjwhsc tISpIqSmsX kq£n¡mw.      

• A¨mÀ DWvSm¡p¶ hn[w

tNcphIÄ

]¨¡q¬	500 {Kmw	Deph s]mSn¨Xv	10 {Kmw
D¸v	25 {Kmw	IpcpapfIp s]mSn	20 {Kmw
C©n		apfIps]mSn	10 {Kmw
AcnªXv	25 {Kmw	aªÄs¸mSn	Hcp Sokv]q¬

 

DÅn/khmf		Ge¡ s]mSn¨Xv	5 F®w
AcnªXv	20 {Kmw	{Km¼p s]mSn¨Xv	4 F®w
PmXn]{Xn		hn¶oKÀ	100 anÃn.
s]mSn¨Xv	2 {Kmw	F®	100 anÃn.

Cfw {]mb¯nepÅ Iq¬ ]dns¨Sp¯v hr¯nbmbn IjW§fm¡n A©pan\näv Xnf¨shůn ap¡nhbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv shÅw hmÀ¶p t]mIphm³ A\phZn¡Ww. DÅnbpw, C©nbpw F®bnen«v Cfw Xhn«p\ndamIp¶Xp hsc aq¸n¡Ww. ]n¶oSv CXv _m¡nbpÅ km[\§fpambn tNÀ¯v \¶mbn ss{^ sNbvXp Ip¸nbneS¨p kq£n¡mw.

• Iq¬ hn`h§Ä.  

        Iq¬ hn]W\w {]bmkamIpt¼mÄ Iq¬ ISvteäv, Iq¬ Hmwseäv, Iq¬ _Pn, Iq¬ ]¡mhS XpS§nb ]eXcw hn`h§Ä DWvSm¡n hn]Wnbn F¯n¨m \à em`w In«pw.  ]mNIw sN¿p¶hcpsS at\m[À½w A\pkcn¨v Iq¬ kq¸v, Iq¬ ]pemhv, ajvdqw Ì^nUv, s]mdm«, Pn©À ajdqw, NnÃn sajvdqw, tkanb ajvdqw, Iq¬ kemUv, Iq¬ tXmc³, Iq¬ XobÂ, Iq¬ Ipdpa apXemb \qdpIW¡n\p hn`h§Ä Iq¬ D]tbmKn¨v X¿mdm¡mhp¶XmWv.  Nne {][m\ Iq¬ hn`h§fpsS tNcphIfpw, Ah DWvSm¡p¶ hn[hpw Xmsg sImSp¯n«pWvSv.  

• Iq¬ ISvteäv  

tNcphIÄ    

Iq¬ (IjW§fm¡nbXv)	50{Kmw
khmf (AcnªXv)	2 F®w
Dcpf¡ng§v (]pgp§n sXmenIsfSp¯Xv)	100 {Kmw
ap«	2 F®w
]okv	100 {Kmw
s\¿v	25 {Kmw
apfIps]mSn	3 Sokv]q¬
Imcäv NpcWvSnbXv	1 F®w
aªÄs]mSn	3 Sokv]q¬
sdm«ns¸mSn	200{Kmw
akmes¸mSn	1 Sokv]q¬
F®	(hdp¡m\mhiy¯n\v)
]¨apfIv (AcnªXv)	4 F®w
D¸v	Bhiy¯n\v
C©n (AcnªXv)	5 {Kmw

   D¸pw, aªÄs¸mSnbpw tNÀ¯v Ipd¨v shÅhpw Xfn¨v Iq¬ 5 an\näv thhn¡Ww.  khmfbpw ]¨apfIpw s\¿n hgän CXntebv¡v thhn¨ Dcpf¡ng§v, Iq¬, ]okv, Imcäv, C©n, akmes¸mSn, apfIps]mSn apXembh tNÀ¯v CfIn tXmÀ¯n hm§n hbv¡Ww.  C\n DcpfIfm¡n ISvteänsâ cq]¯n ]c¯n ASns¨Sp¯ ap«bn ap¡n ]pdta sdm«ns¸mSnbpw ap¡n F®bn sNdpXobn hdps¯Sp¡Ww.  

• Iq¬ Hmwseäv. 

tNcphIÄ  

Iq¬ (IjW§fm¡nbXv)	150{Kmw
khmf (AcnªXv)	1 F®w
X¡mfn (IjW§fm¡nbXv)	1 F®w
]¨apfIv (AcnªXv)	2 F®w
ap«	4 F®w
s\¿v	5 Sokv]q¬
Idnth¸ne	Bhiy¯n\v
D¸v	Bhiy¯n\v

             Iq¬, khmf, X¡mfn, ]¨apfIv, Idnth¸ne F¶nh s\¿n hgän FSp¡Ww.  F¶n«v ap« \¶mbSn¨v D¸v tNÀ¯v AXn hgänb tNcphIÄ tNÀ¯v Hmwseäm¡n FSp¡Ww.  

• Iq¬ _Pn  

  tNcphIÄ  

  Iq¬ (IodnsbSp¯v)	100{Kmw
  ISes¸mSn	100{Kmw
  aªÄs¸mSn	Hcp \pÅv
  apfIvs¸mSn	1 tS_nÄkv]q¬
  D¸v s]mSn	]mI¯n\v
  F®	Bhiy¯n\v

        ISes¸mSnbpw, aäp tNcphIfpw shÅw tNÀ¯v \¶mbn Ipgs¨Sp¯Xv CXn Iq¬ ap¡n F®bn ss{^ sNbvXv _Pn X¿mdm¡mw.

• Iq¬ Irjnbnse ]cnioe\w.

        tIcf¯nse ImemØbn Nn¸n¡q¬ Irjnbpw, AXn\mhiyamb Iq¬ hn¯pev]mZ\hpw em`Icambn sN¿mhp¶ Hcp sNdpInS hyhkmbamWv.  CXns\¡pdn¨p hniZamb ]cnioe\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXn\p tijw am{Xta hymhkmbnImSnØm\¯n Iq¬ Irjn ]cmPb¯n Iemin¡m³ km²yXbpWvSv.