• kkytcmK \nb{´Ww \nb{´nX amÀ¤§fneqsS

  C´ybn  {]XnhÀjw IoS§Ä, IpanÄ, tcmK§Ä apXembhaqew Dt±iw 6000 tImSn cq]bpsS hnfhv \miw DWvSmIp¶Xmbn 1974 se Hcp IW¡v kqNn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. C¶v AXv ]eaS§v hÀ²n¨n«pWvSv. ]et¸mgpw kkytcmK§Ä aqew £mahpw hfscb[nIw Pohlm\nbpw kw`hn¨n«pffXmbn IWvSn«pWvSv. DZmlcWambn 1942-43  Ahn`PnX _wKmfn s\Âs¨Snbn DWvSmb tcmKw aqeapWvSmb £maw \nan¯w e£¡W¡n\v BfpIÄ acn¨Xmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pWvSv. ]etcmK§fpw IoS§fpw Hcp {]tXyI `qhn`mK¯v Asæn Hcp {]tXyI cmPy¯v am{Xambn IWvSp hcp¶p. Ah ]et¸mgpw A{X IWvSv \miapWvSm¡mdpanÃ. F¶m ]e tcmK§fpw adp cmPy§fn \n¶v kky§fpsS IqsS AdnbmsX aäv  `q{]tZi§fn F¯ns¸SpIbpw Ah hfsc hn\miImcnbmbn `hn¡pIbpw sN¿mdpWvSv. DZmlcWambn, tIcf¯nse hmgbn IWvSp hcp¶ Ipdp\m¼p tcmKw, {ioe¦bnÂ\n¶pw sImWvSp h¶ hmg¡p¶n \n¶pw DWvSmbXmWv. AXpt]mse Xs¶ ac¨o\nbn IWvSp hcp¶ samssk¡v  tcmKw, adp cmPy¯n \n¶v sImWvSp h¶ ac¨o\n¯WvSn \n¶pw h¶XmWv. ChsbIqSmsX DcpfIng§nse NobÂtcmKw, Im¸nbnse Xpcp¼ptcmKw, tKmX¼n\pWvSmIp¶ kva«v F¶nhsbÃmw C§s\ aäp cmPy§fn \n¶pw sImWvSp h¶ hn¯n \n¶pWvSmbXmWv. C{]Imcw ]pXnb tcmK§fpw IoS§fpw {]thin¡p¶Xv XSbphm³ temIs¯ FÃm cmPy§fpw Xs¶ \nch[n amÀ¤§Ä Ahew_n¨n«pWvSv. AXn {][m\s¸«XmWv kky§fpsS Cd¡paXnbn hcp¯nbncn¡p¶ Nne \n_\v[\IÄ. Chsb kkytcmK \nba§Ä (Izmdssâ³) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.

    ASp¯Ime¯mbn DXv]mZ\w hÀ²n¸n¡m\pff {ia¯n C´ym Kh¬saâv  Cu \nba§fn Nne hn«phogvNIÄ A\phZn¨n«pWvSv. DZmlcWambn, Nne Irjn¡mÀ¡v AhÀ¡mhiyapff kky§fpw hn¯pIfpw ]pdw cmPy§fn \n¶pw kz´ambn Cd¡paXn sN¿mhp¶XmWv. F¶m Chcpw Nne {]tXyI \n_\v[\IÄ¡v hnt[bamtIWvSXmWv. hntZi¯v \n¶pw hcp¶ ]e bm{X¡mcpw Cu hnhcadnbmsX bmsXmcp {]Xntcm[ \S]SnIfpw kzoIcn¡msX  C´ybnte¡v ]e ]pXnb sNSnIfpw sImWvSphcp¶pWvSv. ChÀ¡v AhÀ sN¿p¶ \S]SnIÄ sImWvSpWvSmIp¶ \mi\jvSs¯¡pdnt¨m, kkyIzmdssâ³ \nbas¯¡pdnt¨m bmsXmcp hnhchpanà F¶XmWv kXyw.

   kkytcmK IoS\nb{´W¯n\mbn C´ybn {][m\ambn cWvSp \nba§fmWv \nehnepÅXv.

1. Izmdssâ³ \nba§Ä

2. kwØm\ ImÀjnI tcmK IoS BIvSv.

   kky§tfm kky`mK§tfm ]pdw cmPy§fn \n¶pw C´ybnte¡pw, C´ybn \n¶pw ]pdw cmPy§fnte¡pw Ibän Ab¡p¶Xpw, C´ybnse Hcp kwØm\¯p \n¶pw aäp kwØm\§fnte¡v sImWvSpt]mIp¶Xpw \nb{´n¡p¶Xv ]vfmâv Izmdssâ³ \nba§fn IqSnbmWv. F¶m Hcp kwØm\¯n\I¯v FhnsSsbÃmw Hcp kkyw hfÀ¯mw, FhnsSsbÃmw ]mSnÃ, CXv \nb{´n¡p¶Xv kwØm\ ImÀjnI tcmKIoS BIvSv A\pkcn¨mWv.

• ]vfmâv Izmdssâ³ \nba\nÀ½mW§Ä

  kmw{IanI tcmK§Ä ]IcmXncn¡phm³ thWvSn GÀs¸Sp¯p¶ hne¡ns\bmWv Izmdssâ³F¶ ]Zw sImWvSv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. ]WvSpIme¯v ]vtfKv, tImfd, aª¸\n F¶o kmw{IanI tcmK§Ä DÅ cmPy§fn \n¶v hcp¶ BÄ¡mscbpw km[\§sfbpw 40 Znhkt¯mfw AhÀ h¶ I¸en Xs¶ Xmakn¸n¨Xn\ptijw am{Xta aäv BÄ¡mcpambn CSs]Sphm³ A\phZn¨ncp¶pÅp. Cu \S]SnsbbmWv Izmdssâ³ F¶v ]dªph¶Xv. Izmdssâ³ F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀXvYw 40 Znhkw F¶mWv. Cu \nba§Ä BZyw a\pjyÀ¡pw ]n¶oSv arK§Ä¡pw AXn\p tijw kky§Ä¡pw \S¸nem¡n.

  Izmdssâ³ \nba§Ä BZyw \S¸nem¡nbXv {^m³kn (1860) BWv. tKmX¼n\pWvSmIp¶ Xpcp¼v tcmKw \nb{´n¡m³ _mÀ_dn F¶ sNSn \Sp¶Xv XSbp¶Xn\v thWvSnbmWv Cu \nbaw BZyambn \S¸nem¡nbXv. C´ybn 1914  BWv Izmdssâ³ \S¸nem¡nbXv. hn\miIcamb tcmKIoS BIvSv 1914 F¶mWnXnsâ t]cv. Cu \nbaa\pkcn¨v tI{µkÀ¡mcn\v Xmsg]dbp¶ A[nImc§fpWvSv.

1. aäp cmPy§fn \n¶v C´ybnte¡v sImWvSphcp¶ km[\§Ä \nb{´n¡phm\pw C´ybnse hnhn[ Øe§fnte¡v km[\§Ä sImWvSpt]mIp¶Xv \nb{´n¡phm\pw.

2. IÌwkv Hm^okÀamÀ¡v ko-IÌwkv BIvSnsâ ]cn[nbn kzoIcn¡mhp¶ FÃm A[nImc§fpw Cu AIvSv \ÂIp¶p.

3. Hcp kwØm\¯p\n¶pw aäp kwØm\§fnte¡v kky§tfm kky`mK§tfm sImWvSpt]mIp¶Xv \nb{´n¡phm\pw, kky§fpw kky`mK§fpw sImWvSv t]mIpt¼mÄ IqsS sImWvSpt]mtIWvS tcJIÄ GsXÃmamsW¶v hyhØ sN¿phm\pw.

4. kwØm\ kÀ¡mcpIÄ¡v ]vfmâv Izmdssâs\¡pdn¨v AXXv kab¯v thWvS \nba \nÀ½mWw sN¿phm\pÅ A[nImchpw thWvSnh¶m Nne sNSnIsf \in¸n¡m\pÅ A[nImc§fpw.

5. ]vfmâv Izmdssâ³ \nba§Ä ewLn¡phm³ {ian¡p¶hsc in£n¡m\pÅ A[nImc§Ä

6. Cu \nba§Ä \S¸nem¡m³ \nbpàcmb DtZymKسamÀ¡v thWvS \nbakwc£Ww.

   C³Uybn {][m\ambpw 19 ]vfmâv Izmdssâ³ \neb§fmWpÅXv. CXn Bsd®w hnam\¯mhf§fnepw Fs«®w XpdapJ§fnepw As©®w ]m¡nØm³, _À½, _wKvfmtZiv AXnÀ¯nIfnepamWpÅXv. tIcf¯n 1955 apX sIm¨n XpdapJ¯v Izmdssâ³ \nebw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶pWvSv. ta¸dª 19 {][m\ \neb§Ä¡v ]pdsa sNdnb D]\neb§fpapWvSv (DZmlcWambn Xncph\´]pcw hnam\¯mhft¯mSv tNÀ¶pÅXv).

• ]vfmâv Izmdssâ³ \nba§Ä \S¸nem¡p¶ coXn

   C´ybnte¡v IcamÀ¤tam, I¸entem, hnam\¯ntem sImWvSphcp¶ kky§Ä A[nIrXÀ Izmdssâ³ ]cntim[\bv¡v hnt[bam¡p¶p. Cu kky§tfmsSm¸w tcmKIoS_m[bnà F¶ Hcp km£y]{Xhpw DWvSmbncn¡Ww. CXv \ÂtIWvSXv IbäpaXn sNbvX cmPys¯ Izmdssâ³ Hm^okÀamcmWv. CXnÃmsX sImWvSphcp¶ FÃm kky`mK§fpw \in¸nt¡WvSXmWv. X]men IqSnbpw kky`mK§Ä Abbv¡mdpWvSv. At¸mgpw ta¸dª km£y]{Xw AS¡w sNbvXncn¡Ww.

   km[mcWKXnbn kky`mK§Ä C´ybn F¯nbmepSs\ Ahbn IoStcmK\min\nIÄ Xfn¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv IoS§Ä IS¡m¯ Hcp {]tXyI Øe¯v 40 Znhkt¯mfw amänshbv¡pw. CXn\nSbn Hcp sNSnbnse¦nepw Fs´¦nepw tcmKIoS§Ä ImWpIbmsW¦n Ahsb \in¸nbv¡pw. \mev]Xp Znhk¯n\ptijhpw sNSnbn tcmKIoS§Ä H¶pansæn AXp Cd¡paXn sNbvXbmÄ¡v D]tbmKn¡m\mbn \ÂIp¶p.

    kky§Ä Cd¡paXn sN¿m³ {]tXyI ssek³kv thWvSXpWvsS¦nepw CsXm¶padnbmsX bm{X¡mÀ ]ehn[¯nepÅ kky§Ä C´ybnte¡v sImWvSphcmdpWvSv. ]et¸mgpw CXp IWvSp ]nSn¡s¸SmsX C´ybn F¯nt¨cmdpapWvSv. CXpaqew ]e ]pXnb tcmK§fpw IoS§fpw C´ybn F¯nt¨À¶n«pWvSv.

   hn¯v amäm¯ ]cp¯n, saIvkn¡³ _o³kv F¶o Npcp¡w Nne kky§Ä am{Xta C´ybnte¡v Cd¡paXn sN¿p¶Xv sam¯ambpw \ntcm[n¨n«pÅp. F¶m aäv ]e kky§fpw Nne {]tXyI Øe§fn \n¶pw Cd¡paXn sN¿p¶XnÂ\n¶v hne¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. DZmlcW¯n\v Atacn¡³ `qJWvU¯n \n¶pw bmsXmcp ImcWhimepw dºÀ hn¯pw ssXIfpw Cd¡paXn sN¿cpXv F¶v \njv¡Àjn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXpt]mse Xs¶ B{^n¡bn \n¶pw sImt¡m hn¯pw CXc kky`mK§fpw sImWvSphcp¶Xv hne¡nbn«pWvSv. F¶m dºdpw sImt¡mbpw aäv cmPy¯p\n¶pw sImWvSphcp¶Xv hne¡nbn«nÃ. \mcIw, DÅn, Dcpf¡ng§v F¶nh Cd¡paXn sN¿pt¼mÄ AXn Nne {]tXyI tcmK§Ä CsöpÅ tcJmaqeapÅ Dd¸v DWvsS¦n am{Xta Cd¡paXn sN¿m³ A\phZn¡pIbpÅp. Nne kµÀ`§fn Cd¡paXn sNt¿WvScoXnbnepw, kky`mK§Ä ]m¡v sNt¿WvScoXnbnepw ]e \n_\v[\Ifpw ]ment¡WvSXmbpWvSv.

   Nne kkytcmKIoS§Ä C´ybn Nne kwØm\§fntem Asæn Nne Øe¯p am{Xamtbm ImWs¸SmdpWvSv. CXv IqSpX Øet¯¡v hym]n¡mXncn¡phm³ \Sm³ D]tbmKn¡p¶ hn¯pw aäp \So hkvXp¡fpw aäp {]tZi§fnte¡v sImWvSpt]mIp¶Xv XStbWvSXmWv. CXn\mbn 1974- Hcp \nbaw sImWvSphcnIbpWvSmbn. Cu \nba¯nsâ ]cn[nbn hcp¶ \mep tcmK§fmWv C´ybnepÅXv - Dcpf¡ng§n ImWp¶ hmÀ«v tcmKw, hmgbpsS samtk¡v, Ipdp\m¼v B¸nÄ kvIm_v F¶nhbmWh.

   kwØm\¯n\I¯v tcmKIoS§sf \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\p thWvSn Hmtcm kwØm\hpw ]et¸mgmbn \nba§Ä \S¸nem¡p¶pWvSv. Xangv\m«nepw B\v{[bnepw 1919-epw tIcf¯n 1947 epw IÀ®mSI¯n 1968 epamWv Cu \nba§Ä \S¸nem¡nbXv.

   kwØm\§Ä X½nepÅ kky§fpsS hym]\w \nb{´n¡pI C´ybn hfsc hnjatadnb Hcp ImcyamWv. CXn\pImcWw {][m\ambpw ]e Irjn¡mcpw Cu \nba§sf¡pdn¨v AdnhnÃm¯hcmsW¶XmWv. kwØm\§Ä X½n hmg¡¶pIÄ ssIamdp¶Xn Nne hne¡pIÄ DWvsS¦nepw AXv ]et¸mgpw Bcpw Imcyam¡mdnÃ. X·qew tIcf¯n am{XapWvSmbncp¶ Ipdp\m¼v tcmKw C´ybn ]e kwØm\§fnte¡pw hym]n¨p. CXns\mcp A]hmZamWv Dcpf¡ng§nsâ s\atämUv tcmKw. CXv BZyambn Du«nbn IWvSam{Xbn Xs¶ Izmdssâ³ \nba§Ä sImWvSphcnIbpw, X·qew Cu tcmKw hym]n¡p¶Xv XSbm³ Hcp Afhv hsc km[n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.  

• ssPhoI kkytcmK \nb{´Ww

   cWvSmw temI almbp²¯n\ptijamWv cmkhkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨pÅ kkytcmK IoS\nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä {]Nmc¯nembXv. cmkhkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨v hfsc ^e{]Zambpw thK¯nepw kkytcmK§sfbpw IoS§sfbpw \nb{´n¡m³ km[n¨XpsImWvSmWv Ahbv¡p hfsc {]m[m\yw DWvSmbXv. ]s£ C¶v A´co£ aen\oIcWw, ]cnØnXn kwc£Ww F¶nhsb¡pdn¨v P\§Ä IqSpX t_m[hm·mcmbncn¡p¶p. X·qew ssPhoI Irjn¡pw cmkhkvXp¡Ä {]tbmKn¡msXbpÅ kkytcmK \nb{´W¯n\pw {]m[m\yw hÀ²n¨p hcnIbmWv.

   hÀj§fmbpÅ {]Xn{]hÀ¯\§Ä aqew kzm`mhnIambn Dcp¯ncnªp h¶ ]eXcw ssPhoI \nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä aptJ\bmWv {]IrXnbnse  k´penXmhØ ]cnc£n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. Ahbn NneXns\¸änsbms¡ hniZamb ]T\w \S¯n a\Ênem¡phm\pw {]mtbmKnIam¡phm\papÅ {ia§Ä Hcfhphsc hnPbn¨n«pWvsS¦nepw ssPhoI amÀ¤§Ä D]tbmKn¨pw cmkhkvXp {]tbmKanÃmsX aäpamÀ¤§Ä am{Xap]tbmKn¨papÅ kkytcmK\nb{´W¯nsâ ]e hniZmwi§fpw ]qÀWambpw a\Ênem¡m³ imkv{X temI¯n\v C\nbpw Ignªn«nÃ.

   kkytcmK§fpsS ssPhoI \nb{´W¯n\pÅ Hcp {][m\ amÀ¤amWv tcmKImcnIfmb kq£va PohnIsf \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\p IgnhpÅ aäp kq£va PohnIsf D]tbmKn¡pI F¶Xv. ss{St¡m sUÀa F¶ P\pÊnÂs¸« ss{S. hndnsU, ss{S. lmÀknbm\w, KvftbmIvfmUnbw F¶ P\pÊnÂs]« Kvf. sshd³kv, Kvf. tdmknbw F¶nh ssPhoI \nb{´W¯n\v D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶ {][m\ IpanfpIfmWv.

   ssas¡mssdk C\¯nÂs¸« Hcp Xcw IpanfpIfpw kkytcmK \nb{´W¯n\v D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. Ch an¡ kky§fptSbpw thcpIfn {]IrXym Xs¶ ImWs¸Sp¶pWvSv. C¯cw IpanfpIÄ thcpIfpsS ]pdw sXmenbn hfcpIbpw A§s\ kky§sf a®nÂIqSn ]Icp¶ tcmK§fn \n¶v kwc£n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CXn\p ]pdsa Bân_tbm«n¡pIÄ D¸mZn¸n¨v thcp]Se¯n\p Npäpw D]{ZhImcnIfmb kq£vaPohnIÄ¡v A\ptbmPyaÃm¯ ]cnX:ØnXn DWvSm¡nbpw C¯cw ssas¡mssdk, sNSnIsf kwc£n¡p¶pWvSv. CXp IqSmsX sNSnbv¡mhiyamb t^mkv^dkv, ss\{SP³ F¶o aqeI§fpsS e`yX hÀ²n¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

   tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebpsS IognepÅ shÅmbWn ImÀjnI tImtfPn C³Uym Kh¬saânsâ _tbm-sSIvt\mfPn hIp¸nsâ [\klmbt¯msS ssas¡mssdksb¸änbpÅ KthjWw \S¶phcp¶p. kao] `mhnbnÂXs¶ IrjnbnS§fn D]tbmKn¡¯¡ hn[¯n ssat¡mssdkbpsS IĨdpIÄ IÀjIÀ¡v e`yam¡pI F¶XmWv Cu KthjW]²XnbpsS aqJye£yw.

   _mIväocnbIsfbpw kkytcmK\nb{´W¯n\v  D]tbmKn¡msa¶p sXfnªn«pWvSv. B¸nfn Icn¨n DWvSm¡p¶ FÀho\nb Assatemthmd F¶ _mIvSocnb¯ns\ \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\v AtX P\pÊn s]« F. slÀ_ntImf ^e{]ZamsW¶v IWvSp]nSn¨n«pWvSv. kyqtUmtamWmkv P\pÊnÂs¸« _mIvSocnb ]cp¯nbn Icn¨nepWvSm¡p¶ km´msamWmkv amÄthknbmdw F¶ _mIvSocnb¯ns\ \nb{´n¡³ IgnhpÅXmWv. sNSnIfpsS CeIfn ImWp¶ NneXcw _mIvSocnbIÄ Xs¶ sNSnIsf kwc£n¡p¶Xmbpw ]T\§Ä sXfnbn¨n«pWvSv. _o³knsâ CeIfn Xs¶ ImWp¶ kyqtUmtamWmkv ^vfqdsk³kv F¶ tcmKImcnbÃm¯ _mIvSocnbbv¡v _o³kns\ B{Ian¡p¶ kyq. ^mkntbmfnt¡mf F¶ _mIvSocnbsb \in¸n¡m³ IgnhpWvSv. C¯cw kq£va PohnIfpsS IĨdpIÄ sshImsX Xs¶ IÀjIÀ¡p e`yambn¯pS§pw.

     sshdkpIsfbpw kkytcmK \nb{´W¯n\v D]tbmKn¡msa¶v imkv{XÚÀ IWvsS¯nbn«pWvSv. _mIvSocnbIsf sImÃp¶ sshdkpIfpsS (_mIvSocntbm ^mPv) D]tbmKw ]co£W imebn Hcp ]cn[nhsc hnPbn¨n«pWvsS¦nepw IrjnbnS§fnte¡v ChbpsS D]tbmKw F¯m³ C\nbpw kabsaSp¡pw.

    ]e ]¨acp¶pIfpw kkytcmK \nb{´W¯n\v ^e{]ZamWv. DZmlcW¯n\v th¸v, Icns\m¨n, XgpXma, \nXyIeymWn, Xpfkn, C©n¸pÃv, shfp¯pÅns¨Sn F¶nhbvs¡Ãmw kq£va PohnIfpsS B{IaW¯n \n¶v sNSnIsf kwc£n¡m\pw kq£vaPohnIsf \in¸n¡m\pw km[n¡psa¶v sXfnªn«pWvSv. sNSnIÄ¡pw ]¨acp¶pIÄ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨p XpS§p¶ Imew hnZqcaÃ. kkytcmKImcnIfmb ]e sshdkpIsfbpw ]c¯p¶ IoS§fpsS B{IaWw Hgnhm¡m\pw C¯cw Nne sNSnIÄ¡p IgnhpWvSv.

    th¸n³ ]n®m¡v, \ne¡Se¸n®m¡v, Ad¡s¸mSn, XhnSv apXembh a®n tNÀ¯p sImSp¯m a®nÂIqSn hym]n¡p¶ ]e kkytcmKmWp¡tfbpw ^e{]Zambn \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv. C¯cw hkvXp¡Ä a®n tNÀ¡p¶Xpaqew tcmKImcnIfmb kq£va PohnIsf \in¸n¡m³ IgnhpÅ D]ImcnIfmb kq£vaPohnIÄ a®n s]cpIpIbpw XÂ^eambn tcmK\nb{´Ww km[yamIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. a®nsâ LS\bn A\pIqeamb amäw kw`hn¨v hnfhv hÀ²n¡m\pw CXv klmbIamIpw.

    kqcyXm]w {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbpÅ asämcp kkytcmK\nb{´W amÀ¤amWv tkmfssdtkj³. DjvWtaJem {]tZi§fn hn]peamb km[yXIfpÅ kkytcmK \nb{´WamÀ¤amWnXv. \à shbnepÅ Øe¯v th\¡me¯v a®v Inf¨nf¡n Bhiy¯n\p \\¨ tijw \ÃXpt]mse \nc¸m¡n t]mfn¯o³ joäphncn¡p¶p. t]mfn¯o³ joäv a®n \Ãh®w tNÀ¶v Dd¨ncn¡phm\mbn AcnIpIfn Aev]w a®pw CSp¶p. C§s\ Ipd¨p Znhkw shbn Imbm³ A\phZn¨m a®nse Xm]\ne km[mcW \nebn \n¶pw ]¯p ]{´WvSp Un{Kn skÂjykv F¦nepw hÀ²n¡psa¶pw X·qew B a®nse tcmKImcnIfmb kq£vaPohnIfpw IfIfpw \in¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xmbpw IWvSn«pWvSv. XhmcWIfntebpw, C©n, aªÄ, ]¨¡dnIÄ apXemb hnfIfntebpw a®n¡qSn hym]n¡p¶ tcmKmWp¡Ä aqeapWvSmIp¶ ]e tcmK§fptSbpw \nb{´W¯n\v tkmfssdtkj³ ^e{]ZamWv.

    k½n{iIrjn, hnf]cn{Iaw XpS§nb IrjncoXnIfnseÃmw  ]tcm£ambn kkytcmK \nb{´Whpw \S¡p¶p F¶Xv {]tXyI ]cnKW\ AÀln¡p¶ hkvXpXbmWv. IrjnbnS§Ä hr¯nbmbn kq£n¡p¶XpsImWvSv am{Xw ]e IpanÄ tcmK§sfbpw XSbm³ km[n¡pw. hnfshSp¸n\ptijw IrjnbnS§fn XobnSp¶Xv tcmKImcnIfmb kq£vaPohnIsf \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\v hfsctbsd klmbn¡pw.

    kkytcmK \nb{´W¯n\v hf{]tbmK¯nepw {i²sNept¯WvSXpWvSv. ss\{SP³ hf§Ä (DZm: bqdnb, AtamWnbw kÄt^äv) A[nIambm CeIfpw XWvSpw AanXambn hfcm\nSbmIpIbpw A¯cw sNSnIÄ¡p {]Xntcm[iàn IpdbpIbpw IqSpX tcmK_m[bpWvSmIm\nSbmIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. s]m«mjv hf§Ä Aev]w IqSpX D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv kky§fpsS tcmK{]Xntcm[ iàn hÀ²n¸n¡phm³ ]cym]vXamWv.